严格控制饮食不会延长寿命(下)

低卡路里饮食会延长寿命的说法最早来自上世纪30年代一项以实验室老鼠为对象的研究。然而，直到80年代，这个理论才突然流行起来。

双语精读

"This shows the importance of replication in science," Steven Austad, interim director of the Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio. Dr. Austad, who was not involved with either study, said that the University of Wisconsin study "was not nearly as conclusive as it was made out to be" and that the new study casts further doubt on the belief that caloric restriction extends life.

"这显示了可重复性对于科学的重要性，"史蒂夫·奥斯塔德称，他是德克萨斯大学圣安东尼奥健康科学中心巴肖普长寿与老龄化研究院的临时主任。没有参与这两次研究的奥斯塔德称，威斯康星大学的研究"远不如它自称的那样具有确定性"。他还说，这项新研究也使人们进一步怀疑减少卡路里可以延长寿命的说法。

But other researchers still think that it does, and one of the authors of the new study, Julie A. Mattison, said it was still possible that some benefit would be revealed. The study is continuing until the youngest monkeys are 22 years old. While the data pretty much rule out any notion that the low-calorie diet will increase average life spans, there still is a chance that the study might find that the diet increases the animals' maximum life span, she said.

然而，另一些研究者依然相信这一说法。新论文的作者之一朱莉·A·马蒂森称，将来还是有可能发现一些节食带来的益处。这项研究会继续进行到最年轻的猴子年满22岁的时候。她说，虽然目前的数据在很大程度上排除了低卡路里饮食可以增加平均寿命的说法，但是将来的研究仍然有可能发现，节食可以增加动物的寿限。

Meanwhile, some others said that the Wisconsin study made them reluctant to dismiss the idea that low-calorie diets result in longer life.

与此同时，其他一些人表示，他们之所以不愿意放弃低卡路里饮食会延长寿命的观点，是因为看到了威斯康星大学的研究。

"I wouldn't discard the whole thing on the basis of one study, when another study in the same species showed an increase in life span," said Eric Ravussin, director of the nutritional obesity research center at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center in Louisiana. "I would still bet on an extension of life."

"既然针对相同物种的另一项研究表明会延长寿命，我就不会因为单独的一项研究而摈弃全部，"路易斯安那州彭宁顿生物医学研究中心营养型肥胖研究中心主任埃里克·拉弗森说。"我还是打赌会延长寿命。"

The idea that a low-calorie diet would extend life originated in the 1930s with a study of laboratory rats. But it was not until the 1980s that the theory took off. Scientists reported that in species as diverse as yeast, flies, worms and mice, eating less meant living longer. And, in mice at least, a low-calorie diet also meant less cancer. It was not known whether the same thing would hold true in humans, and no one expected such a study would ever be done. It would take decades to get an answer, to say nothing of the expense and difficulty of getting people to be randomly assigned to starve themselves or not.

低卡路里饮食会延长寿命的说法最早来自上世纪30年代一项以实验室老鼠为对象的研究。然而，直到80年代，这个理论才突然流行起来。科学家报告称，对于酵母菌、苍蝇、蠕虫、老鼠等千差万别的物种来说，少吃都意味着活得更久。此外，起码在老鼠身上，低卡路里饮食还意味着患癌几率更小。那时还不清楚同样的规律是否适用于人类，也没人觉得会有人去做这样的研究。得到答案要花几十年时间，更不用说，让人们接受随机分配的挨饿或不挨饿待遇需要多大的成本、会面对多大的困难。

Researchers concluded the best way to test the hypothesis would be through the monkey studies at the University of Wisconsin and the National Institute on Aging, although the animals would have to be followed for decades.

研究人员得出结论，检验这个假设的最佳办法是让威斯康星大学和国家老龄化研究所来进行猴子实验，尽管要对实验动物跟踪几十年。

It was a major endeavor. The National Institute on Aging study involved 121 monkeys, 49 of which are still alive, housed at a facility in Poolesville, Md. Those that got the low-calorie diet did not act famished, Dr. de Cabo said. They did not gobble their food, for example, but ate at the same speed as the control animals, even though their calories had been cut by 30 percent.

这是一次大规模的尝试。国家老龄化研究所的研究涉及121只猴子，其中的49只至今都还活着，被养在马里兰州普尔斯维尔的一处设施里。卡博博士说，那些吃低卡路里食物的猴子没有表现出很饿的样子。比如，尽管它们获得的卡路里被减少了30%，但它们吃东西的时候并没有狼吞虎咽，速度和对照组的动物一样。

As the studies were under way, some human enthusiasts decided to start eating a lot less, too.

随着实验继续进行，人类当中的一些热心者也决定节食了。

In those same years, though, studies in mice began indicating there might not be a predictable response to a low-calorie diet. Mice that came from the wild, instead of being born and raised in the lab, did not live longer on low-calorie diets. And in 2009, a study of 41 inbred strains of laboratory mice found that about a third had no response to the diets. Of those that responded, more strains had shorter life spans than had longer ones when they were given less food.

然而，也是在那些年里，以老鼠为对象的研究表明，低卡路里饮食可能不会导致可以预计的确定结果。来自野外而非在实验室里生养的老鼠，在吃低卡路里食物时并没有活得更久。此外，2009年一项以实验室老鼠的41个近交品种为对象的研究发现，大约三分之一的品种对饮食变化没有反应。在那些有反应的品种当中，当吃的食物比较少时，寿命缩短的品种比寿命增加的多。

Dr. de Cabo, who says he is overweight, advised people that if they want to try a reduced-calorie diet, they should consult a doctor first. If they can handle such a diet, he said, he believes they would be healthier, but, he said, he does not know if they would live longer.

自认超重的卡博博士建议说，如果想尝试低卡路里的饮食，人们首先应该咨询一下医生。他说他相信，能适应这种饮食的人会活得更健康，但他也表示，他不知道这样的人会不会活得更久。

Some scientists still have faith in the low-calorie diets. Richard Weindruch, a director of the Wisconsin study, said he was "a hopeless caloric-restriction romantic," but added that he was not very good at restricting his own calories. He said he might start trying harder, though: "I'm only 62. It isn't too late."

一些科学家依然对低卡路里饮食有信心。威斯康辛研究负责人之一理查德·魏因德瑞说，自己是"一个不可救药的限制卡路里拥趸"，然后又补充说，他不太善于限制自己摄入卡路里。不过，他表示以后可能会对自己狠点儿："我才62岁。还不算太晚。"

词汇预习

species [高考]
美[ˈspiːʃiːz] | 英[ˈspiːʃiːz]
n. 种类；（单复同）物种
response [高考]
美[rɪˈspɑːns] | 英[rɪˈspɒns]
n. 反应；回答；响应；答复
extend [高考]
美[ɪkˈstend] | 英[ɪkˈstend]
v. 延伸；延长；伸展；扩展；提供；使竭尽全力
calorie [高考]
美[ˈkæləri] | 英[ˈkæləri]
n. 卡；卡路里(热量单位)
bet [高考]
美[bet] | 英[bet]
v. 打赌；确信无疑 n. 赌注；确信
romantic [高考]
美[roʊˈmæntɪk] | 英[rəʊˈmæntɪk]
adj. 浪漫的；不切实际的 n. 浪漫的人
reluctant [高考]
美[rɪˈlʌktənt] | 英[rɪˈlʌktənt]
adj. 不情愿的；勉强的
obesity [高考]
美[oʊˈbisəti] | 英[əʊˈbiːsɪti]
n. 肥胖；肥大
discard [高考]
美[dɪˈskɑːrd , ˈdɪskɑːrd] | 英[dɪˈskɑːd , ˈdɪskɑːd]
vt. 丢弃；抛弃 vi. 丢牌 n. 丢牌；废牌
data [高考]
美[ˈdeɪtə] | 英[ˈdeɪtə]
n. 数据；资料
handle [高考]
美[ˈhændl] | 英[ˈhændl]
v. 处理；对待；操作；触；买卖 n. 把手；柄
belief [高考]
美[bɪˈliːf] | 英[bɪˈliːf]
n. 信念；信仰；相信
theory [高考]
美[ˈθiːəri] | 英[ˈθɪəri]
n. 学说；理论；原理；意见
overweight [高考]
美[ˌoʊvərˈweɪt] | 英[ˌəʊvəˈweɪt]
adj. 超重的；过胖的 n. 超重 vt. 使超重；过于重视
faith [高考]
美[feɪθ] | 英[feɪθ]
n. 信仰；信念；信任
maximum [高考]
美[ˈmæksɪməm] | 英[ˈmæksɪməm]
n. 最大量；最大限度；最高点 adj. 最高的；最大极限的
consult [高考]
美[kənˈsʌlt] | 英[kənˈsʌlt]
v. 查阅；请教；商讨；就诊
diverse [高考]
美[daɪˈvɜːrs] | 英[daɪˈvɜːs]
adj. 不同的；多种多样的
extension [高考]
美[ɪkˈstenʃn] | 英[ɪkˈstenʃn]
n. 延长；伸展；延期；扩充；观念发展；增强 n. 电话分机；特别课程 n. [计]文件名
expense [高考]
美[ɪkˈspens] | 英[ɪkˈspens]
n. 费用；花费；代价
restriction [高考]
美[rɪˈstrɪkʃn] | 英[rɪˈstrɪkʃn]
n. 限制；约束
starve [高考]
美[stɑːrv] | 英[stɑːv]
vi. 挨饿；受饿；极度匮乏 vt. 使挨饿；使饿死
result in [高考]
美[rɪˈzʌlt ɪn] | 英[rɪˈzʌlt ɪn]
导致；结果是
increase in [高考]
美[ɪnˈkris ɪn] | 英[inˈkri:s in]
增加；增大
hold true [高考]
美[hoʊld truː] | 英[həuld tru:]
适用；有效
on the basis of [高考]
美[ɑːn ðə 'beɪsɪs əv] | 英[ɒn ðə 'beɪsɪs əv]
根据；在 ... 的基础上；基于
living [高考]
美[ˈlɪvɪŋ] | 英[ˈlɪvɪŋ]
adj. 活着的；生动的 n. 生活；生计
further [高考]
美[ˈfɜːrðər] | 英[ˈfɜːðə(r)]
adv. 更远地，再往前地；进一步；此外，而且 adj. 更多的，进一步的；（距离上）更远的，较远的 v. 促进，推进
basis [高考]
美[ˈbeɪsɪs] | 英[ˈbeɪsɪs]
n. 基础；根据；基底
notion [高考]
美[ˈnoʊʃn] | 英[ˈnəʊʃn]
n. 观念；概念；想法；主张
span [高考]
美[spæn] | 英[spæn]
n. 时期；跨度；间距 vt. 延续；横跨；贯穿；遍及；弥补
would [高考]
美[wʊd , wəd] | 英[wʊd , wəd]
aux. 将；可能；大概；总会；愿意；will的过去式
randomly [四级]
美['rændəmlɪ] | 英['rændəmlɪ]
adv. 任意地；随便地；胡乱地
endeavor [四级]
美[ɪnˈdɛvər] | 英[ɪnˈdɛvə]
n. 尽力；努力 v. 尽力；努力；力图
nutritional [四级]
美[nuˈtrɪʃənl] | 英[njuˈtrɪʃənl]
adj. 营养的；滋养的
hypothesis [四级]
美[haɪˈpɑːθəsɪs] | 英[haɪˈpɒθəsɪs]
n. 假说；假设；前提；猜测
predictable [四级]
美[prɪˈdɪktəbl] | 英[prɪˈdɪktəbl]
adj. 可预知的
conclusive [四级]
美[kənˈkluːsɪv] | 英[kənˈkluːsɪv]
adj. 决定性的；确实的；结论性的
good at [四级]
美[ɡʊd æt] | 英[ɡʊd æt]
善于；擅长
rule out [四级]
美[rʊl aʊt] | 英[ruːl aʊt]
消除；排除；划线隔开
under way [四级]
美['ʌndər weɪ] | 英['ʌndə weɪ]
在进行中
not nearly [四级]
美[nɑt ˈnɪrli] | 英[nɔt ˈniəli]
adv. 远不及；完全不
involved [四级]
美[ɪnˈvɑlvd] | 英[ɪnˈvɒlvd]
adj. 涉及的；牵连的；复杂的；感情投入的；有密切关系的
yeast [六级]
美[jist] | 英[ji:st]
n. 酵母；发酵剂 vi. 发酵；起泡沫
cut by [六级]
美 | 英
削减
faith in [六级]
美[feθ ɪn] | 英[feiθ in]
对 ... 的信心
decided [专四]
美[dɪˈsaɪdɪd] | 英[dɪˈsaɪdɪd]
adj. 确定的；坚决的
interim [专四]
美[ˈɪntərɪm] | 英[ˈɪntərɪm]
adj. 暂时的；临时的；中间的 n. 中间时期；过渡时期；暂定
gobble [专八]
美[ˈgɑbl] | 英[ˈgɒbl]
vt. 狼吞虎咽；很快用完；发出咯咯叫声 n. 咯咯叫声
trying [专八]
美[ˈtraɪɪŋ] | 英[ˈtraɪɪŋ]
adj. 难受的；令人厌烦的
to say nothing of [考研]
美[tu se ˈnʌθɪŋ ʌv] | 英[tu: sei ˈnʌθiŋ ɔv]
更不用说；何况

重点讲解

"This shows the importance of replication in science," Steven Austad, interim director of the Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio. Dr. Austad, who was not involved with either study, said that the University of Wisconsin study "was not nearly as conclusive as it was made out to be" and that the new study casts further doubt on the belief that caloric restriction extends life.

"这显示了可重复性对于科学的重要性，"史蒂夫·奥斯塔德称，他是德克萨斯大学圣安东尼奥健康科学中心巴肖普长寿与老龄化研究院的临时主任。没有参与这两次研究的奥斯塔德称，威斯康星大学的研究"远不如它自称的那样具有确定性"。他还说，这项新研究也使人们进一步怀疑减少卡路里可以延长寿命的说法。

cast v. & n.

1.作动词：向…投以（视线、笑容等）

【例】She cast a welcoming smile in his direction.

她向他微笑以示欢迎。

2.作动词：投射（光、影子等）

【例】The setting sun cast an orange glow over the mountains.

橘红色的夕阳辉映着群山。

3.作动词：使人怀疑；造谣中伤

【例】This latest evidence casts serious doubt on his version of events.

最新的证据使人们十分怀疑他对事件的说法。

4.作动词：扔；掷；抛

【例】They cast anchor at nightfall.

他们傍晚抛锚停泊。

5.作动词：分配角色；选派角色；把某人描写成；把某人表现为

【例】She has cast Lily as a lawyer in her latest movie.

她选定莉莉在她最近的一部影片里扮演一名律师。

6.作动词：浇铸；铸造

【例】sculptures cast in bronze.

青铜铸造的雕像

7.作名词：（一出戏剧或一部电影的）全体演员

【例】The whole cast performs brilliantly.

全体演员都表现出色。

8.作名词：铸件；铸造品；模子

【例】This cast is very expensive.

这个铸造品非常昂贵。

9.作名词：特性；特征；外表；外貌

【例】He has an unusual cast of mind.

他的思想与众不同。

10.作名词：投，掷，抛（钓线）

【例】What a graceful curve of the cast!

这个投掷的弧度可真优美啊！

But other researchers still think that**** it**** does****,**** and one of**** the authors of**** the new study,**** Julie A.**** Mattison****,**** said**** it**** was still possible**** that**** some**** benefit would be**** revealed****.**** The study is**** continuing**** until the youngest**** monkeys are 22**** years old.**** While the data**** pretty**** much**** rule**** out any notion**** that**** the low-calorie diet**** will**** increase**** average life**** spans,**** there still is**** a chance**** that**** the study might find**** that**** the diet**** increases the animals'**** maximum life**** span****,**** she said****.****

然而，另一些研究者依然相信这一说法。新论文的作者之一朱莉·A·马蒂森称，将来还是有可能发现一些节食带来的益处。这项研究会继续进行到最年轻的猴子年满22岁的时候。她说，虽然目前的数据在很大程度上排除了低卡路里饮食可以增加平均寿命的说法，但是将来的研究仍然有可能发现，节食可以增加动物的寿限。

Meanwhile, some others said that the Wisconsin study made them reluctant to dismiss the idea that low-calorie diets result in longer life.

与此同时，其他一些人表示，他们之所以不愿意放弃低卡路里饮食会延长寿命的观点，是因为看到了威斯康星大学的研究。

reluctant adj. 不情愿的;勉强的

【例】She was reluctant to admit she was wrong.

她不愿承认自己有错。

【辨析】reluctant/loath/unwilling adj. 不情愿的

1. reluctant：做某事很不情愿或很犹豫的。

【例】His girlfriend just gave a reluctant smile.

他的女友只是勉强笑了笑。

2. loath：不愿意做某事的，通常用于 be loath to do sth结构中。

【例】Why was he loath to tell his friend that his company was in trouble?

为什么他不愿告诉朋友他的公司遇到困难了？

3. unwilling：作"不愿意的"解时，表示不想做某事而且予以拒绝，只作表语；作"不情愿的"解时，表示不想做某事但还是做了，只作定语。

【例】She was either unwilling or she just didn't have that book.

她要么是不愿意借，要么就是根本没有那本书。

dismiss v.

1.不予考虑；对…不屑一提；消除，摒除（思想、感情等）

【例】I think we can safely dismiss their objections.

我认为我们对他们的异议完全可以不予理会。

2.解雇；免职；开除

【例】She claims she was unfairly dismissed from her post.

她声称自己被无理免职。

"I wouldn't discard the whole thing on**** the basis of**** one study,**** when**** another study in**** the same**** species showed**** an**** increase**** in**** life**** span****," said**** Eric**** Ravussin****,**** director**** of**** the nutritional obesity research**** center**** at**** the Pennington**** Biomedical**** Research**** Center**** in**** Louisiana.**** "I would**** still bet on**** an**** extension of**** life****."

"既然针对相同物种的另一项研究表明会延长寿命，我就不会因为单独的一项研究而摈弃全部，"路易斯安那州彭宁顿生物医学研究中心营养型肥胖研究中心主任埃里克·拉弗森说。"我还是打赌会延长寿命。"

The idea**** that**** a low-calorie diet**** would extend**** life**** originated**** in**** the 1930s with**** a study of**** laboratory**** rats****.**** But it**** was not until the 1980s that**** the theory**** took**** off.**** Scientists**** reported**** that**** in**** species as**** diverse as**** yeast,**** flies,**** worms and mice****,**** eating**** less**** meant living**** longer****.**** And,**** in**** mice**** at**** least,**** a low-calorie diet**** also**** meant less**** cancer****.**** It**** was not known whether the same**** thing would hold**** true**** in**** humans****,**** and no**** one expected**** such**** a study would ever**** be**** done****.**** It**** would take**** decades to**** get an**** answer****,**** to**** say nothing of**** the expense and difficulty**** of**** getting people**** to**** be**** randomly**** assigned**** to**** starve**** themselves**** or**** not.****

低卡路里饮食会延长寿命的说法最早来自上世纪30年代一项以实验室老鼠为对象的研究。然而，直到80年代，这个理论才突然流行起来。科学家报告称，对于酵母菌、苍蝇、蠕虫、老鼠等千差万别的物种来说，少吃都意味着活得更久。此外，起码在老鼠身上，低卡路里饮食还意味着患癌几率更小。那时还不清楚同样的规律是否适用于人类，也没人觉得会有人去做这样的研究。得到答案要花几十年时间，更不用说，让人们接受随机分配的挨饿或不挨饿待遇需要多大的成本、会面对多大的困难。

Researchers concluded the best**** way to**** test**** the hypothesis**** would be**** through the monkey**** studies at**** the University**** of**** Wisconsin and the National**** Institute on**** Aging,**** although**** the animals would have**** to**** be**** followed**** for decades.****

研究人员得出结论，检验这个假设的最佳办法是让威斯康星大学和国家老龄化研究所来进行猴子实验，尽管要对实验动物跟踪几十年。

It was a major endeavor. The National Institute on Aging study involved 121 monkeys, 49 of which are still alive, housed at a facility in Poolesville, Md. Those that got the low-calorie diet did not act famished, Dr. de Cabo said. They did not gobble their food, for example, but ate at the same speed as the control animals, even though their calories had been cut by 30 percent.

这是一次大规模的尝试。国家老龄化研究所的研究涉及121只猴子，其中的49只至今都还活着，被养在马里兰州普尔斯维尔的一处设施里。卡博博士说，那些吃低卡路里食物的猴子没有表现出很饿的样子。比如，尽管它们获得的卡路里被减少了30%，但它们吃东西的时候并没有狼吞虎咽，速度和对照组的动物一样。

famish v. 使饿；挨饿

【例】Don't famish yourself for reducing weight.

不要为了减肥挨饿。

【拓展】famine n. 饥荒

【例】Many charities sent money to help the victims of the famine.

许多慈善机构捐款赈济饥民。

As the studies were under way, some human enthusiasts decided to start eating a lot less, too.

随着实验继续进行，人类当中的一些热心者也决定节食了。

famish v. 使饿；挨饿

【例】Don't famish yourself for reducing weight.

不要为了减肥挨饿。

【拓展】famine n. 饥荒

【例】Many charities sent money to help the victims of the famine.

许多慈善机构捐款赈济饥民。

In those same years, though, studies in mice began indicating there might not be a predictable response to a low-calorie diet. Mice that came from the wild, instead of being born and raised in the lab, did not live longer on low-calorie diets. And in 2009, a study of 41 inbred strains of laboratory mice found that about a third had no response to the diets. Of those that responded, more strains had shorter life spans than had longer ones when they were given less food.

然而，也是在那些年里，以老鼠为对象的研究表明，低卡路里饮食可能不会导致可以预计的确定结果。来自野外而非在实验室里生养的老鼠，在吃低卡路里食物时并没有活得更久。此外，2009年一项以实验室老鼠的41个近交品种为对象的研究发现，大约三分之一的品种对饮食变化没有反应。在那些有反应的品种当中，当吃的食物比较少时，寿命缩短的品种比寿命增加的多。

inbred adj. 近亲繁殖的;同系交配的

【例】He came from an old inbred family.

他来自一个古老的近亲通婚的家族。

自认超重的卡博博士建议说，如果想尝试低卡路里的饮食，人们首先应该咨询一下医生。他说他相信，能适应这种饮食的人会活得更健康，但他也表示，他不知道这样的人会不会活得更久。

inbred adj. 近亲繁殖的;同系交配的

【例】He came from an old inbred family.

他来自一个古老的近亲通婚的家族。

Some scientists still have faith in the low-calorie diets. Richard Weindruch, a director of the Wisconsin study, said he was "a hopeless caloric-restriction romantic," but added that he was not very good at restricting his own calories. He said he might start trying harder, though: "I'm only 62. It isn't too late."

一些科学家依然对低卡路里饮食有信心。威斯康辛研究负责人之一理查德·魏因德瑞说，自己是"一个不可救药的限制卡路里拥趸"，然后又补充说，他不太善于限制自己摄入卡路里。不过，他表示以后可能会对自己狠点儿："我才62岁。还不算太晚。"

romantic adj. & n.

1.作形容词：浪漫的

【例】I'm not interested in a romantic relationship.

我对谈情说爱不感兴趣。

2.作名词：浪漫的人

【例】He was a romantic at heart and longed for adventure.

他骨子里是一位浪漫的人，渴望历险。

【拓展】表示人的名词后缀：

1. -er/-or/-ar 行为的主动者，做……事的人；与……事物相关的人

【例】leader/author/scholar 领导/作者/学者

2. -ee 被……的人，受……的人

【例】employee/refugee 被雇佣者/逃难者

3. -eer/-ier/-yer/-eur 从事……的人，与……有关的人

【例】pioneer/premier/sawyer/amateur 开拓者/首相/锯木人/业余爱好者

4. -ster 某种……人；做……的人；与……有关的人

【例】youngster/minister/gangster 青年仔/部长，牧师/匪徒

5. -ese，-an 某国的、某地的、某国或某地的人

【例】Chinese/African 中国人/非洲人

6. -ess 表示女性

【例】waitress n.女服务员，hostess n.女房东

7. -ist 某种主义者，从事某种事业的人

【例】scientist/communist 科学家/共产主义者

8. -ive 与……有关的人

【例】detective/native 密探/本地人

9. -ic/-ician 从事……的人；……精通者

【例】critic/fanatic/mechanic/musician/electrician 批评家/狂热者/修理工/音乐家/电工

10. -ant/-ent 动作的主动者

【例】assistant/merchant/student/resident/patient 助手/商人/学生/居民/病人

11. -ary 需要通过交流获取成就的人

【例】secretary/adversary 秘书/对手

12. -ard 不好的人（有轻蔑的意味）

【例】wizard/coward 男巫/懦夫

13. -ate 与……有关的人

【例】candidate/advocate/associate 候选人/辩护者/同事

课后练习

According to the text, Julie A. Mattison believed that ____.
A. the time frame of the study should be extended to reveal benefits
B. the previous data about average life spans should be reviewed
C. it was possible that dieting could extend life in other ways
D. the measurement of life spans in the study could be revised
Which of the following is true about the previous studies on low-calorie diet?
A. The effect of extending life was most prominent in rats.
B. The benefit of eating less was proven in varied species.
C. They led to the attempts to do similar research on humans.
D. They were limited to a few species due to a lack of funds.
The studies in mice showed that ____.
A. wild mice had shorter life spans than laboratory mice
B. previous findings were not replicated in different mice
C. environment had a greater influence on life than calorie
D. a low-calorie diet might pose health risks to wild mice
Which of the following is true about low-calorie diet?
A. Scientists still have divided opinions about its effect on life span.
B. It works better to extend life spans under professional guidance.
C. People of old age need stricter dietary regimes to extend their life.
D. It is meaningless for people to restrict their calorie consumption.