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为什么美国人购买枪支(下)
- Authors
如果你来自拥有枪支的家庭，只要有一把枪在身边，就会让你感觉更自在。
双语精读
He recruited college students, some of whom came from gun-owning households, to participate in a study in which they would be subjected to very mild electric shocks (he likened the sensation to static electricity).
他（布特里克）招募了一些大学生（其中一些大学生来自拥有枪支的家庭）来参与一项研究，在这项研究中，他们将受到非常轻微的电击(他将这种电击的感觉比作静电)。
While the shocks were administered, participants were given a friend's hand, a metal object or a prop that looked and felt like a pistol but had no firing mechanism.
在实施电击的同时，参与者可以握着朋友的手、一个金属物品或一个看起来和感觉上都像手枪的道具，但这个道具没有射击装置。
For participants who grew up around guns, holding the prop that resembled a firearm provided the greatest comfort, Dr. Buttrick said. "If you came from a gun-owning household, just having a gun present makes you feel more at ease," said Dr. Buttrick, whose study has not yet been published.
布特里克博士说，对于在成长环境中有枪支的参与者来说，握着像枪支一样的道具提供了最大的安慰。"如果你来自拥有枪支的家庭，只要有一把枪在身边，就会让你感觉更自在。"布特里克博士表示，他的研究还尚未发表。
For participants unfamiliar with guns, the opposite was true: They became more anxious when holding a replica of a firearm. "If you didn't come from a gun-owning household, having a gun present made the shock worse," he said. "You were more on edge."
对于不熟悉枪支的参与者来说，情况正好相反：当他们拿着仿真枪时，他们变得更加焦虑。"如果你不是来自一个拥有枪支的家庭，有一把枪在身边会让你觉得电击变得更难受，"他说，"你会感到更加紧张。"
Advocacy organizations like the NRA emphasized the need for safe handling and storage of firearms, and offered training programs intended to make ownership safer. But critics say public health officials have done a poor job of communicating the risks to Americans.
全国步枪协会等拥枪组织强调，需要安全地持有和存放枪支，并提供培训项目，旨在提高持枪安全性。但批评人士说，公共卫生官员在向美国人传达拥有枪支的风险方面做得很糟糕。
Many studies have found that easy access to firearms does not make the home safer. Instead, ownership raises the likelihood of both suicide and homicide, said Sarah Burd-Sharps, the senior director of research at Everytown for Gun Safety, a nonprofit that works to end gun violence.
许多研究发现，把枪支放在身边并不会让家里变得更安全。致力于消除枪支暴力的非营利组织"枪支安全每一城"的高级研究主管莎拉·伯德-夏普斯说，相反，拥有枪支增加了自杀和谋杀的可能性。
One of the earliest studies to bring attention to the danger was a 1993 paper in The New England Journal of Medicine that found that keeping a gun in the home brought a 2.7-fold increase in the risk of homicide, with almost all of the shootings carried out by family members or intimate acquaintances.
最早让人们关注到这种危险的研究之一是1993年发表在《新英格兰医学杂志》上的一篇论文，该论文发现，把枪放在家里会使凶杀案的风险增加2.7倍，而几乎所有这些枪击凶杀事件都是由家人或熟人实施的。
The findings have since been replicated in numerous studies. "You are much more likely to be a victim of that gun than to successfully protect yourself," Ms. Burd-Sharps said, adding that gun owners "are tragically not understanding the risks."
自那以后，许多研究得出了与之相同的发现。"你更有可能成为那把枪的受害者，而不是成功地保护自己。"伯德-夏普斯说，并补充道，枪支拥有者"很不幸地没有意识到这个风险"。
词汇预习
household [高考]
美[ˈhaʊshoʊld] | 英[ˈhaʊshəʊld]
n. 家庭；户 adj. 家庭的；家喻户晓的
ease [高考]
美[iːz] | 英[iːz]
n. 容易；悠闲；安逸；自在 v. 减轻；放松；缓和；缓慢移动
numerous [高考]
美[ˈnuːmərəs] | 英[ˈnjuːmərəs]
adj. 为数众多的；许多
mechanism [高考]
美[ˈmekənɪzəm] | 英[ˈmekənɪzəm]
n. 机制；原理 n. 结构；机构；机械装置
static [高考]
美[ˈstætɪk] | 英[ˈstætɪk]
adj. 静态的；静止的；稳定的；静力的；静电的 n. 静电；静电干扰
intimate [高考]
美[ˈɪntɪmət , ˈɪntɪmeɪt] | 英[ˈɪntɪmət , ˈɪntɪmeɪt]
adj. 亲密的；私人的；关系紧密的 vt. 暗示；透露 n. 密友
victim [高考]
美[ˈvɪktɪm] | 英[ˈvɪktɪm]
n. 受害者；受骗者；牺牲
access [高考]
美[ˈækses] | 英[ˈækses]
n.入口，通道；获得的机会，使用权；（对计算机存储器的）访问，存取；（情感）爆发，发作；探视权 v. 接近，进入；获取，访问（计算机信息） adj.[美]（电视节目或时间等）对外公开的
violence [高考]
美[ˈvaɪələns] | 英[ˈvaɪələns]
n. 猛烈；暴力；暴行；强暴
Ms. [高考]
美[mɪz] | 英[mɪz]
n. 女士，小姐
mild [高考]
美[maɪld] | 英[maɪld]
adj. 温和的；柔和的；宽大的；清淡的
participate [高考]
美[pɑːrˈtɪsɪpeɪt] | 英[pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt]
vi. 参加；参与 vt. 分享
storage [高考]
美[ˈstɔːrɪdʒ] | 英[ˈstɔːrɪdʒ]
n. 保管；贮藏；仓库；保管费；[计]存储器
ownership [高考]
美[ˈoʊnərʃɪp] | 英[ˈəʊnəʃɪp]
n. 所有权
increase in [高考]
美[ɪnˈkris ɪn] | 英[inˈkri:s in]
增加； 增大
access to [高考]
美[ˈæksɛs tu] | 英[ˈækses tu:]
接近，有权使用；进入，通向…的路口
participate in [高考]
美[pɑrˈtɪsəˌpet ɪn] | 英[pɑ:ˈtisipeit in]
参与； 参加
suicide [高考]
美[ˈsuːɪsaɪd] | 英[ˈsuːɪsaɪd]
n. 自杀；自杀者；自取灭亡的行为 adj. 自杀性的
would [高考]
美[wʊd , wəd] | 英[wʊd , wəd]
aux. 将；可能；大概；总会；愿意；will的过去式
pistol [四级]
美[ˈpɪstl] | 英[ˈpɪstl]
n. 手枪；[美，非正式]精力旺盛的人 vt. 用手枪射击
likelihood [四级]
美[ˈlaɪklihʊd] | 英[ˈlaɪklihʊd]
n. 可能性
at ease [四级]
美[æt iːz] | 英[æt iːz]
不拘束； 自在； 安适
nonprofit [六级]
美[nɑnˈprɑfɪt] | 英[ˌnɒn'prɒfɪt]
adj. 非赢利的 n. 非赢利组织
sensation [六级]
美[senˈseɪʃn] | 英[senˈseɪʃn]
n. 感觉；轰动；激动；知觉
provided [专四]
美[prəˈvaɪdɪd] | 英[prəˈvaɪdɪd]
conj. 假如；若是 adj. 预备好的；提供的
felt [专八]
美[fɛlt] | 英[felt]
n. 毛毡；毡制品 vt. 制毡；使粘结 vi. 毡合
works [专八]
美[wəks] | 英[wə:ks]
n. 工厂；修建；机器部件；全套物品
replica [专八]
美[ˈreplɪkə] | 英[ˈreplɪkə]
n. 复制品
homicide [考研]
美[ˈhɑːmɪsaɪd] | 英[ˈhɒmɪsaɪd]
n. 杀人；杀人者
firearm [托福]
美[ˈfaɪərɑːrm] | 英[ˈfaɪərɑːm]
n. 火器；枪炮
重点讲解
He recruited college students, some of whom came from gun-owning households, to participate in a study in which they would be subjected to very mild electric shocks (he likened the sensation to static electricity).
他（布特里克）招募了一些大学生（其中一些大学生来自拥有枪支的家庭）来参与一项研究，在这项研究中，他们将受到非常轻微的电击(他将这种电击的感觉比作静电)。
liken sth to 把某物比作
【例】She's been likened to a young Elizabeth Taylor.
人们常把她比作年轻的伊丽莎白·泰勒。
【近义词】compare sth to 把某物比作
【拓展】alike adj./adv. 相似的/同样地
【例】The twins look alike.
双胞胎长得很像。
sensation n.
1. 身体上的感觉；知觉
【例】a burning sensation/a loss of sensation 烧灼感/失去知觉
【近义词】feeling n. 感觉
【拓展】sense v./n. 觉察/感官；心理感觉
【例】the sense of smell/a sense of identity 嗅觉/身份认同感
2. 引起轰动的人或事物
【例】The TV series was an overnight sensation.
这部电视剧一夜之间爆火。
While the shocks were administered, participants were given a friend's hand, a metal object or a prop that looked and felt like a pistol but had no firing mechanism.
在实施电击的同时，参与者可以握着朋友的手、一个金属物品或一个看起来和感觉上都像手枪的道具，但这个道具没有射击装置。
mechanism n.
1. 机械装置
【例】the mechanism of a watch 手表的机芯
【辨析】machine n. 机器
2. （生物体的）机制；（做某事的）机制，方法
【例】the balance mechanism in the ears/the mechanism for collecting taxes
耳内的平衡机制/税收机制
present adj.
1. 当前的；现在的
【例】the present president 现任总统
【近义词】current adj. 目前的
2. 在场的；存在的
【例】be present at the meeting 出席会议
【反义词】absent adj. 缺席的；不在场的
at ease 舒服自在
【例】She was a nice hostess and soon put me at ease.
她是个很友善的女主人，很快就让我感到很自在了。
【拓展】with ease 毫不费力地
【例】He passed the exam with ease.
他轻而易举地通过了考试。
For participants who grew up around guns, holding the prop that resembled a firearm provided the greatest comfort, Dr. Buttrick said. "If you came from a gun-owning household, just having a gun present makes you feel more at ease," said Dr. Buttrick, whose study has not yet been published.
布特里克博士说，对于在成长环境中有枪支的参与者来说，握着像枪支一样的道具提供了最大的安慰。"如果你来自拥有枪支的家庭，只要有一把枪在身边，就会让你感觉更自在。"布特里克博士表示，他的研究还尚未发表。
mechanism n.
1. 机械装置
【例】the mechanism of a watch 手表的机芯
【辨析】machine n. 机器
2. （生物体的）机制；（做某事的）机制，方法
【例】the balance mechanism in the ears/the mechanism for collecting taxes
耳内的平衡机制/税收机制
present adj.
1. 当前的；现在的
【例】the present president 现任总统
【近义词】current adj. 目前的
2. 在场的；存在的
【例】be present at the meeting 出席会议
【反义词】absent adj. 缺席的；不在场的
at ease 舒服自在
【例】She was a nice hostess and soon put me at ease.
她是个很友善的女主人，很快就让我感到很自在了。
【拓展】with ease 毫不费力地
【例】He passed the exam with ease.
他轻而易举地通过了考试。
For participants unfamiliar with guns, the opposite was true: They became more anxious when holding a replica of a firearm. "If you didn't come from a gun-owning household, having a gun present made the shock worse," he said. "You were more on edge."
对于不熟悉枪支的参与者来说，情况正好相反：当他们拿着仿真枪时，他们变得更加焦虑。"如果你不是来自一个拥有枪支的家庭，有一把枪在身边会让你觉得电击变得更难受，"他说，"你会感到更加紧张。"
replica n. 复制品；仿制品
【例】a replica of a well-known painting 一幅名画的复制品
【近义词】reproduction n. 复制品
【辨析】duplicate n. 完全一样的东西；副本
【例】prepare the document in duplicate 准备一式两份的文件
be on edge 紧张不安
【例】Mary is terribly on edge now that her examinations are approaching．
考试日期越来越近了, 玛丽非常紧张不安。
【近义词】nervous adj. 紧张的
Advocacy organizations like the NRA emphasized the need for safe handling and storage of firearms, and offered training programs intended to make ownership safer. But critics say public health officials have done a poor job of communicating the risks to Americans.
全国步枪协会等拥枪组织强调，需要安全地持有和存放枪支，并提供培训项目，旨在提高持枪安全性。但批评人士说，公共卫生官员在向美国人传达拥有枪支的风险方面做得很糟糕。
advocacy n. 拥护；提倡
【例】Martin Luther King, Jr. is famous for his advocacy of civil rights.
马丁·路德·金因提倡黑人民权而闻名。
【拓展】advocate v./n. 拥护；提倡/拥护者
【反义词】opposition n. 反对；抵抗
do a poor/good job of/on 把……干得很差/好
【例】You've done a good job of cleaning the kitchen.
你把厨房收拾得好极了。
Many studies have found that easy access to firearms does not make the home safer. Instead, ownership raises the likelihood of both suicide and homicide, said Sarah Burd-Sharps, the senior director of research at Everytown for Gun Safety, a nonprofit that works to end gun violence.
许多研究发现，把枪支放在身边并不会让家里变得更安全。致力于消除枪支暴力的非营利组织"枪支安全每一城"的高级研究主管莎拉·伯德-夏普斯说，相反，拥有枪支增加了自杀和谋杀的可能性。
raise v. 提高；增加
【例】raise one’s hope/one’s spirits/the bar
提高某人的期望/让某人打起精神/提高标准
bring/draw/attract attention to 把注意力引到……上
【例】The speaker brought attention to the point at issue.
演讲者把人们的注意力引向争论的焦点。
【拓展】pay attention to 关注……
One of the earliest studies to bring attention to the danger was a 1993 paper in The New England Journal of Medicine that found that keeping a gun in the home brought a 2.7-fold increase in the risk of homicide, with almost all of the shootings carried out by family members or intimate acquaintances.
最早让人们关注到这种危险的研究之一是1993年发表在《新英格兰医学杂志》上的一篇论文，该论文发现，把枪放在家里会使凶杀案的风险增加2.7倍，而几乎所有这些枪击凶杀事件都是由家人或熟人实施的。
raise v. 提高；增加
【例】raise one’s hope/one’s spirits/the bar
提高某人的期望/让某人打起精神/提高标准
bring/draw/attract attention to 把注意力引到……上
【例】The speaker brought attention to the point at issue.
演讲者把人们的注意力引向争论的焦点。
【拓展】pay attention to 关注……
The findings have since been replicated in numerous studies. "You are much more likely to be a victim of that gun than to successfully protect yourself," Ms. Burd-Sharps said, adding that gun owners "are tragically not understanding the risks."
自那以后，许多研究得出了与之相同的发现。"你更有可能成为那把枪的受害者，而不是成功地保护自己。"伯德-夏普斯说，并补充道，枪支拥有者"很不幸地没有意识到这个风险"。
replicate v. 使复现；复制
【例】DNA has the capacity to replicate itself.
DNA有自我复制的能力。
【近义词】reproduce v. 使复现；复制
课后练习
How did the researcher carry out the experiment?
A. He administered electric shocks to gun owners only.
B. He compared the electric shock with static electricity.
C. He asked the participants to hold different objects.
D. He told the participants to choose a favorite object.
What did the experiment find?
A. Holding a gun could give comfort to those familiar with firearms.
B. People were less nervous about fake guns than real guns.
C. Objects couldn’t give comfort to people as human touch did.
D. People without guns were more likely to get nervous than gun owners.
One of the risks of gun ownership is ____.
A. accidental gun injury
B. misuse of guns
C. increased probability of gun death
D. increased likelihood of domestic violence
According to the text, owning a gun ____.
A. can protect people from harm
B. is not a guarantee of safety
C. has different effects on different people
D. is less dangerous than people think