- Published on
科学家找到了吃塑料的细菌(下)
- Authors
对于我们正在研究的许多看似棘手的问题,微生物可能已经找到了解决方案。我们只需要把目光投向微生物。
![]()
双语精读
But the real hope is that this goes beyond a single species of bacteria that can eat a single kind of plastic.
但(论文)真正的希望在于,这不仅仅只是发现了某一种可以啃食某种塑料的细菌。
Over the past half-century, microbiology -- the study of small organisms including bacteria and some fungi -- has undergone a revolution that Jo Handelsman, former president of the American Society for Microbiology, and a science adviser to the Obama White House, described to me as possibly the most significant biological advance since Darwin's discovery of evolution.
在过去五十年里,微生物学——研究包括细菌和一些真菌在内的小生物体的学科——经历了一场革命,美国微生物学会前主席、奥巴马政府的科学顾问乔·汉德尔斯曼将其描述为自达尔文发现物种进化以来最重要的生物学进步。
We now know that micro-organisms constitute a vast, hidden world entwined with our own. We are only beginning to grasp their variety, and their often incredible powers.
我们现在知道,微生物构成了一个庞大的隐藏世界,与我们所处的世界交织在一起。我们才刚刚开始了解微生物的多样性,以及它们令人难以置信的力量。
Many scientists have come around to Oda's view -- that for the host of seemingly intractable problems we are working on, microbes may have already begun to find a solution. All we need to do is look.
许多科学家已经转变态度而接受了小田教授的观点——对于我们正在研究的许多看似棘手的问题,微生物可能已经找到了解决方案。我们只需要把目光投向微生物。
A discovery like Oda's is only a starting point. To have any hope of mitigating this globe-spanning environmental disaster of our own making, the bacteria will have to work faster and better.
像小田教授这样的发现只是一个起点。细菌要更快、更好地发挥作用,才能有望减轻这场由我们自己造成的全球性环境灾难。
When Oda and his group originally tested the bacteria in the lab, they placed them in a tube with a 2cm-long piece of plastic film weighing a 20th of a gram.
当小田教授的团队最初在实验室测试这种细菌时,他们将细菌放置在试管中,试管里还有一块 2 厘米长、重 0.05 克的塑料薄膜。
Left at room temperature, they broke down the tiny bit of plastic into its precursor liquids in about seven weeks. This was very impressive and far too slow to have any meaningful impact on plastic waste at scale.
在室温下,这种细菌花了约七周的时间将这一小块塑料分解成液体。这非常了不起,但速度还是太慢,无法对大规模的塑料垃圾产生任何实质性的影响。
Fortunately, over the past four decades, scientists have become remarkably proficient at engineering and manipulating enzymes.
幸运的是,在过去的四十年里,科学家们在改造和操控酶方面已经非常精通。
When it comes to plastic chewing, "the Ideonella enzyme is actually very early in its evolutionary development", says Andy Pickford, a professor of molecular biophysics at the University of Portsmouth. It is the goal of human scientists to take it the rest of the way.
朴茨茅斯大学的分子生物物理学教授安迪·皮克福德表示,在啃食塑料方面,“大阪堺菌产生的酶实际上还处于进化发展的非常早期的阶段”。人类科学家的目标就是让这种酶走完剩下的路。
When any living organism wishes to break down a larger compound -- whether a string of DNA, or a complex sugar, or plastic -- they turn to enzymes, tiny molecular machines within a cell, specialised for that task.
当任何生物体想要分解一个更大的化合物时,无论是分解DNA链、复杂的糖分子,还是塑料,它们都会求助于酶,酶是细胞内的微型分子机器,专门负责分解任务。
Enzymes work by helping chemical reactions happen at a microscopic scale, sometimes forcing reactive atoms closer together to bind them, or twisting complex molecules at specific points to make them weaker and more likely to break apart.
酶发挥的作用是帮助化学反应在微观层面发生,有时促使反应原子互相聚集,从而使它们结合起来,有时在特定点扭曲复杂分子,使它们变得更脆弱,更容易分离。
词汇预习
species [高考]
美[ˈspiːʃiːz] | 英[ˈspiːʃiːz]
n. 种类;(单复同)物种
impact [高考]
美[ˈɪmpækt , ɪmˈpækt] | 英[ˈɪmpækt , ɪmˈpækt]
n. 影响;冲击力;撞击 vt. 挤入;压紧;撞击;对 ... 发生影响 vi. 冲击;撞击;产生影响
significant [高考]
美[sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt] | 英[sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt]
adj. 重要的;有意义的;意味深长的;显著的
impressive [高考]
美[ɪmˈpresɪv] | 英[ɪmˈpresɪv]
adj. 给人深刻印象的;令人钦佩的
biological [高考]
美[ˌbaɪəˈlɑːdʒɪkl] | 英[ˌbaɪəˈlɒdʒɪkl]
adj. 生物的;生物学的
originally [高考]
美[əˈrɪdʒənəli] | 英[əˈrɪdʒənəli]
adv. 原本;起初;独创地
scale [高考]
美[skeɪl] | 英[skeɪl]
n. 等级,规模;刻度;音阶;量程;天枰 v. 攀登;到达…顶点;去鳞
evolutionary [高考]
美[ˌiːvəˈluːʃəneri] | 英[ˌiːvəˈluːʃənri]
adj. 进化的;发展的;演变的
seemingly [高考]
美[ˈsiːmɪŋli] | 英[ˈsiːmɪŋli]
adv. 表面上;似乎;看起来
adviser [高考]
美[ədˈvaɪzər] | 英[ədˈvaɪzə(r)]
n. 顾问;指导教授;劝告者
compound [高考]
美[ˈkɑːmpaʊnd] | 英[ˈkɒmpaʊnd]
n. 化合物,混合物;复合词;大院,有围墙的场地 adj. 复合的,混合的;以复利计算的 v. 使加重,使恶化;合成,混合;以复利计算支付;和解,私了
reactive [高考]
美[riˈæktɪv] | 英[riˈæktɪv]
adj. 反应的;反作用的;活性的
organism [高考]
美[ˈɔːrɡənɪzəm] | 英[ˈɔːɡənɪzəm]
n. 有机体;生物体;有机组织
within [高考]
美[wɪˈðɪn] | 英[wɪˈðɪn]
prep. 在(某段时间、距离或范围)内;在…里面 adv. 在…里面 n. 内部
complex [高考]
美[kəmˈpleks , ˈkɑːmpleks] | 英[ˈkɒmpleks]
adj. 复杂的;合成的;复合的 n. 综合体;复合体;[医]综合症状;[心]情结
advance [高考]
美[ədˈvæns] | 英[ədˈvɑːns]
n. 前进;进展;预付金 v. 前进;预付;增长;推进 adj. 预先的;提前的
variety [高考]
美[vəˈraɪəti] | 英[vəˈraɪəti]
n. 多样;种类;多样化 n. 杂耍
former [高考]
美[ˈfɔːrmər] | 英[ˈfɔːmə(r)]
adj. 前者的;前任的;以前的 n. 创造者;[英]学校某一年级的学生
tube [高考]
美[tuːb] | 英[tjuːb]
n. 管,管子;管状物;管状容器;管状器官;[英](伦敦)地铁;[美]电视机 vt. 使成管状;把…装管;用管输送 vi. 乘地铁;不及格
revolution [高考]
美[ˌrevəˈluːʃn] | 英[ˌrevəˈluːʃn]
n. 革命;变革;重大改变;旋转
vast [高考]
美[væst] | 英[vɑːst]
adj. 广阔的;巨大的;大量的;巨额的 n. 浩瀚;广阔无垠的空间 n. (Vast)人名;(法)瓦斯特
evolution [高考]
美[ˌevəˈluːʃn] | 英[ˌiːvəˈluːʃn , ˌevəˈluːʃn]
n. 进化;发展;演变
grasp [高考]
美[ɡræsp] | 英[ɡrɑːsp]
n. 把握;领会;抓紧 vt. 领会;抓住;紧握
gram [高考]
美[ɡræm] | 英[ɡræm]
n. 克(重量单位);(用作食物的)鹰嘴豆(或其他豆类植物);[美,非正式]奶奶,外婆(同 gramma) abbr. 语法(=grammar) suf. 写出或画出的东西 【名】 (Gram)(英、法、德、丹、挪、瑞典)格拉姆(人名)
impact on [高考]
美[ˈɪmˌpækt ɑn] | 英[ˈimpækt ɔn]
对 ... 产生影响
living [高考]
美[ˈlɪvɪŋ] | 英[ˈlɪvɪŋ]
adj. 活着的;生动的 n. 生活;生计
incredible [高考]
美[ɪnˈkredəbl] | 英[ɪnˈkredəbl]
adj. 难以置信的;惊人的
bind [高考]
美[baɪnd] | 英[baɪnd]
v. 捆绑;装订;约束;强迫;团结 n. 窘境
constitute [四级]
美[ˈkɑːnstɪtuːt] | 英[ˈkɒnstɪtjuːt]
vt. 构成;组成;任命;建立;制定
remarkably [四级]
美[rɪˈmɑrkəbli] | 英[rɪˈmɑː(r)kəbli]
adv. 显著突出地;出乎意外地
molecular [四级]
美[məˈlekjələr] | 英[məˈlekjələ(r)]
adj. 分子的
micro [四级]
美[ˈmaɪkroʊ] | 英[ˈmaɪkrəʊ]
adj. 微小的 pref. 表示"微小;百万分之一"
proficient [四级]
美[prəˈfɪʃnt] | 英[prəˈfɪʃnt]
adj. 熟练的;精通的 n. 能手
come around [四级]
美[kʌm əˈraʊnd] | 英[kʌm əˈraund]
顺便来访; 苏醒; 复苏
engineering [四级]
美[ˌendʒɪˈnɪrɪŋ] | 英[ˌendʒɪˈnɪərɪŋ]
n. 工程学;工程
microscopic [四级]
美[ˌmaɪkrəˈskɑpɪk] | 英[ˌmaɪkrəˈskɒpɪk]
adj. 显微镜的;极小的;微观的
kind of [六级]
美[kaɪnd ʌv] | 英[kaind ɔv]
adv. 有点儿
broke [专八]
美[broʊk] | 英[brəʊk]
adj. 一文不名的;破产的 v. 打碎;折断;违背;解决;中断(动词break的过去式)
intractable [专八]
美[ɪnˈtræktəbəl] | 英[ɪnˈtræktəbl]
adj. 难驾驭的;倔强的;难加工的;难治疗的
fungi [托福]
美[ˈfʌndʒaɪ] | 英[ˈfʌŋgaɪ]
n. 菌类;蘑菇;霉菌
microbiology [雅思]
美[ˌmaɪkroʊbaɪˈɑlədʒi] | 英[ˌmaɪkrəʊbaɪˈɒlədʒi]
n. 微生物学
重点讲解
But the real**** hope**** is**** that**** this**** goes**** beyond**** a single**** species of**** bacteria**** that**** can eat a single**** kind**** of**** plastic.****
但(论文)真正的希望在于,这不仅仅只是发现了某一种可以啃食某种塑料的细菌。
Over**** the past**** half****-century,**** microbiology**** --**** the study of**** small organisms including bacteria**** and some**** fungi --**** has undergone a revolution**** that**** Jo**** Handelsman****,**** former**** president of**** the American**** Society for Microbiology****,**** and a science adviser to**** the Obama White House,**** described to**** me**** as**** possibly**** the most**** significant biological**** advance since Darwin****’s discovery of**** evolution.****
在过去五十年里,微生物学——研究包括细菌和一些真菌在内的小生物体的学科——经历了一场革命,美国微生物学会前主席、奥巴马政府的科学顾问乔·汉德尔斯曼将其描述为自达尔文发现物种进化以来最重要的生物学进步。
We now know that micro-organisms constitute a vast, hidden world entwined with our own. We are only beginning to grasp their variety, and their often incredible powers.
我们现在知道,微生物构成了一个庞大的隐藏世界,与我们所处的世界交织在一起。我们才刚刚开始了解微生物的多样性,以及它们令人难以置信的力量。
constitute v. 组成;构成
【例】Female workers constitute the majority of the labour force.
女性雇员占劳动力的多数。
【近义词】make up 构成
【辨析】consist of 由……构成
【例】The labour force mainly consists of female workers.
be entwined with 缠绕;交织;有密切联系
【例】The old-fashioned porch was entwined with many creeping plants.
古式门廊上缠绕着许多藤蔓植物。
Her destiny was entwined with his.
她的命运与他紧密相联。
【近义词】intertwine/interweave v. 缠绕;交织
Many scientists have come around to Oda’s view -- that for the host of seemingly intractable problems we are working on, microbes may have already begun to find a solution. All we need to do is look.
许多科学家已经转变态度而接受了小田教授的观点——对于我们正在研究的许多看似棘手的问题,微生物可能已经找到了解决方案。我们只需要把目光投向微生物。
come around to 改变态度;改变观点
【例】He'll never come round to our way of thinking.
他绝不会改变观点,与我们的想法一致。
【辨析】sb come around 某人恢复知觉;苏醒
【例】She hasn't yet come round from the coma.
她还没有从昏迷中苏醒过来。
a host of 许多;大量
【例】a host of possibilities 许多种可能性
intractable adj. (人或事)很难对付的;棘手的
【例】an intractable disease/teenager 顽症/倔强不听话的少年
【近义词】tricky/thorny/knotty adj. 棘手的
A discovery like Oda’s is only a starting point. To have any hope of mitigating this globe-spanning environmental disaster of our own making, the bacteria will have to work faster and better.
像小田教授这样的发现只是一个起点。细菌要更快、更好地发挥作用,才能有望减轻这场由我们自己造成的全球性环境灾难。
mitigate v. 减轻;缓和
【例】to mitigate poverty/soil erosion 减轻贫困/缓解水土流失
【近义词】ease/alleviate/relieve v.减轻;缓和
of one’s own making 某人自己造成的
【例】His problems are of his own making.
他是自作自受。
【拓展】be the making of sb 使某人成为更成功的人
【例】The battle was the making of him.
那场战役成就了他/他在那场战役中一战成名。
When Oda and his group originally tested the bacteria in the lab, they placed them in a tube with a 2cm-long piece of plastic film weighing a 20th of a gram.
当小田教授的团队最初在实验室测试这种细菌时,他们将细菌放置在试管中,试管里还有一块 2 厘米长、重 0.05 克的塑料薄膜。
precursor n. 前身;前体;先兆
【例】Sulphur dioxide is the main precursor of acid rain.
二氧化硫是酸雨的主要前体/酸雨主要从二氧化硫形成。
Shortness of breath was the precursor of a heart attack.
呼吸急促是心脏病发作的前兆。
【近义词】forerunner n. 先行者;先导
Left at room temperature, they broke down the tiny bit of plastic into its precursor liquids in about seven weeks. This was very impressive and far too slow to have any meaningful impact on plastic waste at scale.
在室温下,这种细菌花了约七周的时间将这一小块塑料分解成液体。这非常了不起,但速度还是太慢,无法对大规模的塑料垃圾产生任何实质性的影响。
precursor n. 前身;前体;先兆
【例】Sulphur dioxide is the main precursor of acid rain.
二氧化硫是酸雨的主要前体/酸雨主要从二氧化硫形成。
Shortness of breath was the precursor of a heart attack.
呼吸急促是心脏病发作的前兆。
【近义词】forerunner n. 先行者;先导
Fortunately, over the past four decades, scientists have become remarkably proficient at engineering and manipulating enzymes.
幸运的是,在过去的四十年里,科学家们在改造和操控酶方面已经非常精通。
proficient adj. 熟练的;精通的
【例】a proficient driver/be proficient in English
技术很好的司机/精通英语
【近义词】expert/skillful adj. 熟练的;技术好的
When it comes to plastic chewing, “the Ideonella enzyme is actually very early in its evolutionary development”, says Andy Pickford, a professor of molecular biophysics at the University of Portsmouth. It is the goal of human scientists to take it the rest of the way.
朴茨茅斯大学的分子生物物理学教授安迪·皮克福德表示,在啃食塑料方面,“大阪堺菌产生的酶实际上还处于进化发展的非常早期的阶段”。人类科学家的目标就是让这种酶走完剩下的路。
proficient adj. 熟练的;精通的
【例】a proficient driver/be proficient in English
技术很好的司机/精通英语
【近义词】expert/skillful adj. 熟练的;技术好的
When any living organism wishes to break down a larger compound -- whether a string of DNA, or a complex sugar, or plastic -- they turn to enzymes, tiny molecular machines within a cell, specialised for that task.
当任何生物体想要分解一个更大的化合物时,无论是分解DNA链、复杂的糖分子,还是塑料,它们都会求助于酶,酶是细胞内的微型分子机器,专门负责分解任务。
specialise v.
1. 以特殊方式演化
【例】Animals and plants are specialised to fit their surroundings.
动植物是按照特殊方式演化以适应各自的环境的。
2. 专门从事;专攻
【例】He specialised in criminal law.
他专门研究刑法。
bind v.
1. 捆绑;系
【例】They bound his hands.
他们把他的双手绑了起来。
2. 结合;粘合
【例】Egg binds fat and flour.
蛋能把脂肪和面粉粘合在一起。
Enzymes work by helping chemical reactions happen at a microscopic scale, sometimes forcing reactive atoms closer together to bind them, or twisting complex molecules at specific points to make them weaker and more likely to break apart.
酶发挥的作用是帮助化学反应在微观层面发生,有时促使反应原子互相聚集,从而使它们结合起来,有时在特定点扭曲复杂分子,使它们变得更脆弱,更容易分离。
specialise v.
1. 以特殊方式演化
【例】Animals and plants are specialised to fit their surroundings.
动植物是按照特殊方式演化以适应各自的环境的。
2. 专门从事;专攻
【例】He specialised in criminal law.
他专门研究刑法。
bind v.
1. 捆绑;系
【例】They bound his hands.
他们把他的双手绑了起来。
2. 结合;粘合
【例】Egg binds fat and flour.
蛋能把脂肪和面粉粘合在一起。
课后练习
The significance of Oda’s study is that ____.
A. a new species of bacteria has been discovered
B. it has removed the misunderstanding of microbiology
C. it further develops Darwin’s theory on evolution
D. it reveals the important role of micro-organisms
What was the original test result of the bacteria?
A. They were not very active at room temperature.
B. They could not break down the plastic fast enough.
C. They could only eat a small amount of plastic.
D. They generated a strange liquid when chewing plastic.
The scientists’ goal is to ____.
A. clarify the plastic-chewing mechanism of the bacteria
B. discover other species of plastic-chewing microbes
C. improve the enzyme’s function of breaking down plastics
D. apply the enzyme to dispose of plastic waste on a large scale
How do enzymes work?
A. They help living organisms to obtain energy.
B. They slow down the speed of chemical reactions.
C. They help bind atoms or break apart molecules.
D. They force molecules to move faster.