book plus blog logo
Published on

为何人类历史上战争不断(Fight club:War throughout history)

Authors

爱因斯坦选择了奥地利心理学家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德作为他的讨论搭档。讨论的问题是“有没有一种方法可以把人类从战争的威胁中解救出来?”。

为何人类历史上战争不断

双语精读

Fight club: War throughout history

战斗俱乐部:历史中的战争

In 1931 the League of Nations offered Albert Einstein, a physicist and vocal pacifist, the chance to choose a correspondent on a subject of his choice. He opted for Sigmund Freud, an Austrian psychologist, as his partner.

1931年,国际联盟为阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦(物理学家和积极发声的和平主义者)提供了一个机会,让他选择一位通信者并就他选择的主题进行讨论。爱因斯坦选择了奥地利心理学家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德作为他的讨论搭档。

"Is there a way of delivering mankind from the menace of war?" was the question. Freud was not optimistic; he thought that in every human there was a "death drive", an impulse to violence and destruction.

讨论的问题是“有没有一种方法可以把人类从战争的威胁中解救出来?”。弗洛伊德并不乐观,他认为每个人心中都有“死亡驱力”,这是一种倾向于暴力和破坏的冲动。

The slim pamphlet emerging from their exchange, "Why War?", makes for heavy reading. Since then, at least five books with the same title have been published.

从两人之间的交流脱胎而来的是一本薄薄的小册子《为何有战争?》,但读起来却很沉重。自那以后,至少有五本同名书籍已出版。

Richard Overy, a British historian of the second world war, has now written a sixth, which skilfully draws together nearly 100 years of scientific and historical scholarship. His goal is to understand the mechanisms that have embedded warfare throughout human history.

理查德·奥弗里是研究第二次世界大战的英国历史学家,他现在写了第六本同标题的书,这本书巧妙地汇集了近100年的科学和历史学术研究。他的目标是理解让战争嵌入整个人类历史的机制。

Although the answers, he finds, have remained "contested, fractured and frustratingly elusive", there is one undeniable constant: that human groups from the earliest times to the present have resorted to collective, lethal violence against other groups when prompted by ambition, fear, need or prejudice.

虽然他发现答案仍然是“有争议的、分裂的、令人沮丧地难以捉摸的”,但有一个不可否认的不变因素:从最初到现在,人类群体在野心、恐惧、需求或偏见的驱使下,会对其他人类群体采取集体的、致命的暴力行为。

To bring some shape to the debate, Mr Overy has split his critique of the academic literature into two sections. The first covers science: anthropology, biology, ecology and psychology.

为了使讨论更有条理,奥弗里将他对学术文献的评论分为两部分。第一部分涵盖了科学研究:人类学、生物学、生态学和心理学。

War can be explained as hard-wired into people through evolution (a Darwinian struggle for survival), determined by cultural norms or triggered by ecological pressures.

战争可以被解释为是通过进化(达尔文式的生存斗争)而先天根植于人类之中,或由文化规范所决定的,或由生态压力所引发的。

Accordingly, people can be the prisoner of their genes or try to create societies in which warfare is no longer seen as desirable or inevitable.

因此,人们可以成为基因的俘虏,也可以尝试创建这样的社会:在这个社会中,战争不再被视为是可取的或不可避免的。

The second section, which historians and many readers will favour, puts greater emphasis on human agency and mankind as the creator of cultures that sustain or even exalt warfare.

第二部分(历史学家和许多读者会更喜欢这部分内容)更加强调人类的能动性,以及人类作为维持战争,甚至崇尚战争的文化的创造者角色。

Mr Overy describes "four broad motivational categories": belief (religion), power, resources and security. These were the forces behind modern wars and also, Mr Overy argues, much earlier conflicts between pre-state groups.

奥弗里描述了“四个动机大类”:信仰(宗教)、权力、资源和安全。这些是现代战争背后的驱动力,而且奥弗里认为,也是前国家集团之间的冲突的背后驱动力。

Early warfare was clearly different in scale from that waged by modern states. But Mr Overy shows that the causes and aims of early conflicts were frequently not dissimilar to those of later periods.

早期战争在规模上显然与现代国家发动的战争不同。但是奥弗里表明,早期冲突的原因和目标与后来冲突的原因和目标往往没有什么不同。

词汇预习

  • frequently [高考]

    美[ˈfriːkwəntli] | 英[ˈfriːkwəntli]

    adv. 频繁地;经常地

  • psychologist [高考]

    美[saɪˈkɑːlədʒɪst] | 英[saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst]

    n.心理学研究者,心理学家

  • creator [高考]

    美[kriˈeɪtər] | 英[kriˈeɪtə(r)]

    n. 创造者;[计]创建者 n. 上帝

  • ecological [高考]

    美[ˌiːkəˈlɑːdʒɪkl] | 英[ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl]

    adj. 生态的;生态学的

  • scale [高考]

    美[skeɪl] | 英[skeɪl]

    n. 等级,规模;刻度;音阶;量程;天枰 v. 攀登;到达…顶点;去鳞

  • destruction [高考]

    美[dɪˈstrʌkʃn] | 英[dɪˈstrʌkʃn]

    n. 破坏;毁灭

  • collective [高考]

    美[kəˈlektɪv] | 英[kəˈlektɪv]

    adj. 集体的;共同的 n. 集体

  • emphasis [高考]

    美[ˈemfəsɪs] | 英[ˈemfəsɪs]

    n. 强调;重点;[语]加强语气

  • sustain [高考]

    美[səˈsteɪn] | 英[səˈsteɪn]

    vt. 支持;承受;维持;认可;经受

  • desirable [高考]

    美[dɪˈzaɪərəbl] | 英[dɪˈzaɪərəbl]

    adj. 令人向往的,值得拥有的;可取的;性感的 n. 称心合意的人(或物),好的品质

  • section [高考]

    美[ˈsekʃn] | 英[ˈsekʃn]

    n. 部分;部门;章节;区域;断面;剖面图;零件;路段;切开 v. 划分;切开

  • struggle [高考]

    美[ˈstrʌɡl] | 英[ˈstrʌɡl]

    vi. 努力;奋斗;斗争;挣扎 n. 斗争;竞争;奋斗

  • belief [高考]

    美[bɪˈliːf] | 英[bɪˈliːf]

    n. 信念;信仰;相信

  • agency [高考]

    美[ˈeɪdʒənsi] | 英[ˈeɪdʒənsi]

    n. 代理;代理处;政府机构

  • debate [高考]

    美[dɪˈbeɪt] | 英[dɪˈbeɪt]

    n. 辩论;讨论 vt. 争论;思考 vi. 辩论

  • survival [高考]

    美[sərˈvaɪvl] | 英[səˈvaɪvl]

    n. 幸存;幸存者;生存;残存物,幸存物;【人类学】(失去原有意义、作用的)残存文化特征

  • academic [高考]

    美[ˌækəˈdemɪk] | 英[ˌækəˈdemɪk]

    adj. 学院的;学术的;理论的 n. 大学教师,大学生;学者,学究

  • security [高考]

    美[sɪˈkjʊrəti] | 英[sɪˈkjʊərəti]

    n. 安全;保证;证券;债券;抵押;防护措施

  • psychology [高考]

    美[saɪˈkɑːlədʒi] | 英[saɪˈkɒlədʒi]

    n. 心理;心理学

  • violence [高考]

    美[ˈvaɪələns] | 英[ˈvaɪələns]

    n. 猛烈;暴力;暴行;强暴

  • constant [高考]

    美[ˈkɑːnstənt] | 英[ˈkɒnstənt]

    adj. 不变的;经常的 n. 常数;恒量

  • prejudice [高考]

    美[ˈpredʒudɪs] | 英[ˈpredʒudɪs]

    n. 偏见;伤害 vt. 伤害;使 ... 存偏见;使偏袒

  • broad [高考]

    美[brɔːd] | 英[brɔːd]

    adj. 宽广的;清楚无误的;明显的;胸怀开阔的;粗俗的 n. [俚]女子

  • evolution [高考]

    美[ˌevəˈluːʃn] | 英[ˌiːvəˈluːʃn , ˌevəˈluːʃn]

    n. 进化;发展;演变

  • ecology [高考]

    美[iˈkɑːlədʒi] | 英[iˈkɒlədʒi]

    n. 生态学;生态

  • scholarship [高考]

    美[ˈskɑːlərʃɪp] | 英[ˈskɒləʃɪp]

    n. 奖学金;学问;学识

  • mankind [高考]

    美[mænˈkaɪnd] | 英[mænˈkaɪnd]

    n. 人类;男人

  • ambition [高考]

    美[æmˈbɪʃn] | 英[æmˈbɪʃn]

    n. 雄心;抱负;野心;精力 vt. 追求;有 ... 野心

  • favour [高考]

    美[ˈfeɪvər] | 英[ˈfeɪvə(r)]

    n. 恩惠;支持;喜爱;偏爱 v. 支持;偏袒;有利于;长得像

  • split [高考]

    美[splɪt] | 英[splɪt]

    v. 分裂;将…分成若干部分;分摊;分离;劈开;裂开;[俚]离开 n. 劈开;裂口;分裂;一份;水果冰淇淋 adj. 分裂的;意见分歧的

  • struggle for [高考]

    美[ˈstrʌɡəl fɔr] | 英[ˈstrʌɡl fɔ:]

    为 ... 努力

  • emphasis on [高考]

    美[ˈɛmfəsɪs ɑn] | 英[ˈemfəsis ɔn]

    着重于, 强调

  • slim [高考]

    美[slɪm] | 英[slɪm]

    adj. 苗条的;微小的;细长的 v. 减肥;缩减

  • impulse [高考]

    美[ˈɪmpʌls] | 英[ˈɪmpʌls]

    n. 冲动;心血来潮;神经冲动;[物]冲量;[电]脉冲 vt. 推动

  • vocal [高考]

    美[ˈvoʊkl] | 英[ˈvəʊkl]

    adj. 声音的;口头的;声乐的;直言不讳的 n. 元音;声乐作品

  • inevitable [四级]

    美[ɪnˈevɪtəbl] | 英[ɪnˈevɪtəbl]

    adj. 不可避免的;必然(发生)的

  • correspondent [四级]

    美[ˌkɔːrəˈspɑːndənt] | 英[ˌkɒrəˈspɒndənt]

    n. 通讯记者;通信者 adj. 与 ... 一致的;相应的

  • undeniable [四级]

    美[ˌʌndɪˈnaɪəbl] | 英[ˌʌndɪˈnaɪəbl]

    adj. 不可否认的;无可辩驳的

  • historian [四级]

    美[hɪˈstɔːriən] | 英[hɪˈstɔːriən]

    n. 历史学家;编史者

  • warfare [四级]

    美[ˈwɔːrfer] | 英[ˈwɔːfeə(r)]

    n. 战争;冲突

  • dissimilar [四级]

    美[dɪˈsɪmɪlər] | 英[dɪˈsɪmɪlə(r)]

    adj. 不同的

  • determined [四级]

    美[dɪˈtɜːrmɪnd] | 英[dɪˈtɜːmɪnd]

    adj. 坚定的;坚决的;果断的;确定的,既定的

  • menace [六级]

    美[ˈmenəs] | 英[ˈmenəs]

    n. 威胁;恐吓;[口]讨厌的人(物) v. 威吓;威胁

  • pamphlet [六级]

    美[ˈpæmflət] | 英[ˈpæmflət]

    n. 小册子

  • lethal [专八]

    美[ˈliːθl] | 英[ˈliːθl]

    adj. 致命的;危险的;有效的

  • exalt [专八]

    美[ɪɡˈzɔːlt] | 英[ɪɡˈzɔːlt]

    v. 赞扬;提升;加强

  • anthropology [考研]

    美[ˌænθrəˈpɑːlədʒi] | 英[ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒi]

    n. 人类学

  • Darwinian [考研]

    美[dɑ'wɪnɪrn] | 英[dɑ:'wɪnɪən]

    adj. 达尔文的;达尔文学说的 n. 达尔文学徒;进化论者

  • critique [考研]

    美[krɪˈtik] | 英[krɪˈti:k]

    n. 批评;批评法;评论

  • motivational [雅思]

    美[ˌmoʊtəˈveɪʃənəl] | 英[ˌməʊtɪˈveɪʃən(ə)l]

    adj. 激发性的;动机的

重点讲解

Fight club: War throughout history

战斗俱乐部:历史中的战争

vocal   adj. 直言不讳的;勇敢发声的

【例】She was very vocal about her dissatisfaction with the service.

她直接表达了她对服务的不满。

【近义词】outspoken  adj. 直率的;直言不讳的

In 1931 the League of Nations offered Albert Einstein, a physicist and vocal pacifist, the chance to choose a correspondent on a subject of his choice. He opted for Sigmund Freud, an Austrian psychologist, as his partner.

1931年,国际联盟为阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦(物理学家和积极发声的和平主义者)提供了一个机会,让他选择一位通信者并就他选择的主题进行讨论。爱因斯坦选择了奥地利心理学家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德作为他的讨论搭档。

vocal   adj. 直言不讳的;勇敢发声的

【例】She was very vocal about her dissatisfaction with the service.

她直接表达了她对服务的不满。

【近义词】outspoken  adj. 直率的;直言不讳的

“Is there a way of delivering mankind from the menace of war?” was the question. Freud was not optimistic; he thought that in every human there was a “death drive”, an impulse to violence and destruction.

讨论的问题是“有没有一种方法可以把人类从战争的威胁中解救出来?”。弗洛伊德并不乐观,他认为每个人心中都有“死亡驱力”,这是一种倾向于暴力和破坏的冲动。

deliver sb from  使某人摆脱;解救

【例】The medication delivered him from constant pain.

药物让他摆脱了无休止的疼痛。

【近义词】save sb from sth  拯救某人免受某事

make for  

1. 成为;促成

【例】The concert makes for 90 minutes of pleasure. 

这音乐会给人带来90分钟的愉悦。

2. 向某地前进

【例】to make for home  回家去

The slim pamphlet emerging from their exchange, “Why War?”, makes for heavy reading. Since then, at least five books with the same title have been published.

从两人之间的交流脱胎而来的是一本薄薄的小册子《为何有战争?》,但读起来却很沉重。自那以后,至少有五本同名书籍已出版。

deliver sb from  使某人摆脱;解救

【例】The medication delivered him from constant pain.

药物让他摆脱了无休止的疼痛。

【近义词】save sb from sth  拯救某人免受某事

make for  

1. 成为;促成

【例】The concert makes for 90 minutes of pleasure. 

这音乐会给人带来90分钟的愉悦。

2. 向某地前进

【例】to make for home  回家去

Richard Overy, a British historian of the second world war, has now written a sixth, which skilfully draws together nearly 100 years of scientific and historical scholarship. His goal is to understand the mechanisms that have embedded warfare throughout human history.

理查德·奥弗里是研究第二次世界大战的英国历史学家,他现在写了第六本同标题的书,这本书巧妙地汇集了近100年的科学和历史学术研究。他的目标是理解让战争嵌入整个人类历史的机制。

mechanism  n. 机制;系统

【例】Pain acts as a natural defense mechanism. 

疼痛是一种自然防护机制。

【拓展】mechanical  adj. 与机械相关的

mechanize  v. 使机械化

Although the answers, he finds, have remained “contested, fractured and frustratingly elusive”, there is one undeniable constant: that human groups from the earliest times to the present have resorted to collective, lethal violence against other groups when prompted by ambition, fear, need or prejudice.

虽然他发现答案仍然是“有争议的、分裂的、令人沮丧地难以捉摸的”,但有一个不可否认的不变因素:从最初到现在,人类群体在野心、恐惧、需求或偏见的驱使下,会对其他人类群体采取集体的、致命的暴力行为。

fracture  v. 骨折;破裂

【例】Her leg fractured.

她的一条腿骨折了。

A serious misunderstanding fractured their friendship. 

一场严重的误会让他们的友谊破裂了。

【近义词】break  v. 打破;骨折

elusive  adj. 难以确定的;难以捉摸的

【例】an elusive thief  行踪不定的/难以找到的小偷

an elusive concept  难以解释/表述的概念

an elusive memory  记不清的回忆

【拓展】elude  v. 逃避;躲开

【例】Sleep eluded him. 他睡不着。

His name eludes me. 我想不起来他的名字。

To bring some shape to the debate, Mr Overy has split his critique of the academic literature into two sections. The first covers science: anthropology, biology, ecology and psychology.

为了使讨论更有条理,奥弗里将他对学术文献的评论分为两部分。第一部分涵盖了科学研究:人类学、生物学、生态学和心理学。

split  v. 划分;分摊

【例】to split the class into groups

把全班分成几个小组

We can split the cost of the dinner.

我们把晚饭钱分摊一下。

hard-wired  adj. 天生的;本能的

【例】Humans are hard-wired to seek social connections.

人类会本能地寻找社会联系。

【拓展】wire  n. 电线

【近义词】built-in/innate  adj. 生来就有的

War can be explained as hard-wired into people through evolution (a Darwinian struggle for survival), determined by cultural norms or triggered by ecological pressures.

战争可以被解释为是通过进化(达尔文式的生存斗争)而先天根植于人类之中,或由文化规范所决定的,或由生态压力所引发的。

split  v. 划分;分摊

【例】to split the class into groups

把全班分成几个小组

We can split the cost of the dinner.

我们把晚饭钱分摊一下。

hard-wired  adj. 天生的;本能的

【例】Humans are hard-wired to seek social connections.

人类会本能地寻找社会联系。

【拓展】wire  n. 电线

【近义词】built-in/innate  adj. 生来就有的

Accordingly, people can be the prisoner of their genes or try to create societies in which warfare is no longer seen as desirable or inevitable.

因此,人们可以成为基因的俘虏,也可以尝试创建这样的社会:在这个社会中,战争不再被视为是可取的或不可避免的。

agency  n. 能动作用;代理机构

【例】Human agency is crucial in shaping the course of history.

人类的能动性对于塑造历史进程是至关重要的。

【拓展】agent  n. 施动者;行为主体;经纪人

exalt  v. 提升;崇尚;赞扬

【例】Her performance was exalted by the critics as a masterpiece.

她的表演被评论家赞誉为大师之作。

【拓展】exalted  adj. 地位高的;尊贵的

【词缀】alt  (拉丁语)高的

altitude  n. 海拔高度

The second section, which historians and many readers will favour, puts greater emphasis on human agency and mankind as the creator of cultures that sustain or even exalt warfare.

第二部分(历史学家和许多读者会更喜欢这部分内容)更加强调人类的能动性,以及人类作为维持战争,甚至崇尚战争的文化的创造者角色。

agency  n. 能动作用;代理机构

【例】Human agency is crucial in shaping the course of history.

人类的能动性对于塑造历史进程是至关重要的。

【拓展】agent  n. 施动者;行为主体;经纪人

exalt  v. 提升;崇尚;赞扬

【例】Her performance was exalted by the critics as a masterpiece.

她的表演被评论家赞誉为大师之作。

【拓展】exalted  adj. 地位高的;尊贵的

【词缀】alt  (拉丁语)高的

altitude  n. 海拔高度

Mr Overy describes “four broad motivational categories”: belief (religion), power, resources and security. These were the forces behind modern wars and also, Mr Overy argues, much earlier conflicts between pre-state groups.

奥弗里描述了“四个动机大类”:信仰(宗教)、权力、资源和安全。这些是现代战争背后的驱动力,而且奥弗里认为,也是前国家集团之间的冲突的背后驱动力。

category  n. 类别

【例】This book falls into the category of reference books. 

这本书属参考书类。

【拓展】categorize  v. 分类

【近义词】type  n. 种类

class  n. 类别;等级

wage  n. & v.

1. 作名词:薪资;周薪

【例】a weekly wage of $200 周薪 200美元

2. 作动词:发动

【例】to wage a war/campaign against sb

向某人发动战争/攻势

Early warfare was clearly different in scale from that waged by modern states. But Mr Overy shows that the causes and aims of early conflicts were frequently not dissimilar to those of later periods.

早期战争在规模上显然与现代国家发动的战争不同。但是奥弗里表明,早期冲突的原因和目标与后来冲突的原因和目标往往没有什么不同。

category  n. 类别

【例】This book falls into the category of reference books. 

这本书属参考书类。

【拓展】categorize  v. 分类

【近义词】type  n. 种类

class  n. 类别;等级

wage  n. & v.

1. 作名词:薪资;周薪

【例】a weekly wage of $200 周薪 200美元

2. 作动词:发动

【例】to wage a war/campaign against sb

向某人发动战争/攻势

课后练习

  • What was Sigmund Freud's opinion of war?

    A. He believed that education could eliminate the impulse to violence.

    B. He was pessimistic and believed in the perpetual existence of war.

    C. He was optimistic and thought peace was ultimately achievable.

    D. He suggested that technological advancements would end war.

  • What can be learned about the book "Why War?" by Richard Overy ?

    A. It describes the exchange between Einstein and Freud.

    B. It offers solutions for achieving world peace.

    C. It explores the causes of war in human history.

    D. It provides a detailed account of the second world war.

  • How does Richard Overy explain the cause of war?

    A. He believes that war is the natural result of human genes.

    B. He discusses the various theories and the role of humans.

    C. He concludes that war is an inevitable consequence of fear.

    D. He contends that war is primarily caused by economic factors.

  • It can be inferred that Mr. Overy believes the war is ____ in the future.

    A. completely avoidable

    B. a result of technological advancements

    C. likely to continue due to similar motivations

    D. totally unpredictable