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网络时代, 信息是免费的还是昂贵的(下)
- Authors
人们也越来越担心科技、娱乐和媒体公司是否有能力维护公众使用各种文化的权益。
双语精读
The Internet Archive's lending program, developed long before the pandemic, involved scanning physical books and offering them to readers in its Open Library, a practice called controlled digital lending.
互联网档案馆的借阅项目早在疫情暴发之前就有了，纸质图书被扫描后提供给“开放图书馆”的读者阅读，这种做法被称为可控数字借阅。
One reader at a time could borrow each scanned book. If the library or one of its partners had two copies, two readers at a time could borrow it.
一次只有一个读者可以借阅一份扫描的书。如果开放图书馆或它的合作伙伴有两份扫描件，那么一次有两名读者可以借阅。
The archive defended making its own e-books by citing fair use, a broad legal concept that permits copyrighted material to be quoted and excerpted, and the first-sale doctrine: It could do what it wanted with its own books.
档案馆援引“合理使用”原则和首次销售原则来为自己制作电子书辩护，“合理使用”是一个宽泛的法律概念，允许有版权的材料被引用和摘录，首次销售原则指的是图书馆可以任意使用自己拥有的书籍。
No dice, wrote Judge John G. Koeltl of U.S. District Court in Manhattan. His decision granting summary judgment for the publishers in March went far beyond the pandemic library. Any benefit for research and cultural participation, he said, was outweighed by harm to the publishers' bottom line.
但曼哈顿地区法院的法官约翰·G. 科特尔写道：想都别想。今年3月，他同意出版商的申请，做出了简易判决，判决内容远远超出了疫情期间的图书馆的范畴。他称，对研究和文化参与的任何益处都比不上对出版商利润的损害。
The Internet Archive lost its court battle at a moment of rising concern about whether tech, entertainment and media companies are up to the job of maintaining the public's access to a wide-ranging culture.
互联网档案馆在法庭上败诉之际，人们也越来越担心科技、娱乐和媒体公司是否有能力维护公众使用各种文化的权益。
Warner Bros. Discovery, for example, wanted to scale back its Turner Classic Movies cable channel, a citadel of cinema history and art. It was stopped by an uproar.
例如，华纳兄弟探索公司想要缩小其特纳经典电影有线电视频道的规模，该频道是电影史和电影艺术的坚固堡垒。这一计划引起一片哗然并最终叫停了。
New technology means culture is delivered on demand, but not all culture. When Netflix shipped DVDs to customers, there were about 100,000 to choose from. Streaming, which has a different economics, has reduced that to about 6,600 U.S. titles. Most are contemporary. Only a handful of movies on Netflix were made between 1940 and 1970.
新技术意味着文化是按需提供的，但不是所有文化都会被提供。当网飞向客户推出DVD光盘时，有大约10万张DVD可供选择。而流媒体有着不同的经济原理，流媒体将这一数字减少到约6600部美国电影。大多数电影都是当代作品。网飞上只有少数电影是在1940年至1970年之间制作的。
Libraries have traditionally been sanctuaries for culture that could not afford to pay its own way, or that was lost or buried or didn't fit current tastes. But that is at risk now.
图书馆一直以来是文化的庇护所，文化负担不起传播费用，或者是被遗失和埋藏，或者是不符合当下品味。但这种情况现在面临危险。
Jason Schultz, director of New York University's Technology Law & Policy Clinic, said: "The permanence of library collections may become a thing of the past. If the platforms decide not to offer the e-books or publishers decide to pull them off the shelves, the reader loses out.
纽约大学科技法律与政策讲习班主任贾森·舒尔茨说：“图书馆藏书的永久性可能会成为过去。如果平台决定不提供电子书，或者出版商决定将电子书下架，读者就会蒙受损失。
This is similar to when songs you look for on Spotify are blanked out because the record company ended the license or when movies or television shows cycle off Netflix or Amazon."
这就类似于你在Spotify上寻找歌曲，然后发现因为唱片公司终止许可，这些歌无法播放，或者网飞和亚马逊上的电影和电视节目停止播放。”
词汇预习
current [高考]
美[ˈkɜːrənt] | 英[ˈkʌrənt]
n. 趋势；(水、气、电)流 adj. 现在的；流通的
scale [高考]
美[skeɪl] | 英[skeɪl]
n. 等级，规模；刻度；音阶；量程；天枰 v. 攀登；到达…顶点；去鳞
participation [高考]
美[pɑːrˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn] | 英[pɑːˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn]
n. 参加；参与
traditionally [高考]
美[trə'dɪʃənəlɪ] | 英[trə'dɪʃənəlɪ]
adv. 传统上；照惯例
demand [高考]
美[dɪˈmænd] | 英[dɪˈmɑːnd]
n. 要求；需求 v. 要求；查问；需要
media [高考]
美[ˈmiːdiə] | 英[ˈmiːdiə]
n. 传播媒介；(medium的复数)媒体；新闻媒介
access [高考]
美[ˈækses] | 英[ˈækses]
n.入口，通道；获得的机会，使用权；（对计算机存储器的）访问，存取；（情感）爆发，发作；探视权 v. 接近，进入；获取，访问（计算机信息） adj.[美]（电视节目或时间等）对外公开的
concept [高考]
美[ˈkɑːnsept] | 英[ˈkɒnsept]
n. 观念；概念；想法
battle [高考]
美[ˈbætl] | 英[ˈbætl]
n. 战斗；争斗 v. 与 ... 作战；与 ... 竞争
judgment [高考]
美['dʒʌdʒmənt] | 英['dʒʌdʒmənt]
n. 裁判；判断；判断力；意见；判决书
contemporary [高考]
美[kənˈtempəreri] | 英[kənˈtemprəri]
adj. 同时代的；当代的 n. 同时代的人；同龄人
legal [高考]
美[ˈliːɡl] | 英[ˈliːɡl]
adj. 法定的；法律的；合法的
broad [高考]
美[brɔːd] | 英[brɔːd]
adj. 宽广的；清楚无误的；明显的；胸怀开阔的；粗俗的 n. [俚]女子
handful [高考]
美[ˈhændfʊl] | 英[ˈhændfʊl]
n. 一把；少数，少量； 难以控制的人（或事物）
summary [高考]
美[ˈsʌməri] | 英[ˈsʌməri]
n. 摘要；总结 adj. 简略的；概要的；即决的
access to [高考]
美[ˈæksɛs tu] | 英[ˈækses tu:]
接近，有权使用；进入，通向…的路口
concern about [高考]
美[kənˈsɚn əˈbaʊt] | 英[kənˈsə:n əˈbaut]
对 ... 的关心； 对 ... 忧虑
long before [高考]
美[lɔŋ bɪˈfɔr] | 英[lɔŋ biˈfɔ:]
在很久以前
means [高考]
美[miːnz] | 英[miːnz]
n. 方法；手段；收入；财产 v. 意思是，意味（动词mean的第三人称单数）
tech [四级]
美[tek] | 英[tek]
n. 技术学校；技术；技术人员
permanence [四级]
美[ˈpɜrmənəns] | 英[ˈpɜ:mənəns]
n. 永久；持久
archive [四级]
美[ˈɑːrkaɪv] | 英[ˈɑːkaɪv]
n. 档案；档案馆 vt. 存档
up to [四级]
美[ʌp tu] | 英[ʌp tu]
胜任；直到；多达；该由 ... 决定
economics [四级]
美[ˌiːkəˈnɑːmɪks , ˌekəˈnɑːmɪks] | 英[ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks , ˌekəˈnɒmɪks]
n. 经济学
involved [四级]
美[ɪnˈvɑlvd] | 英[ɪnˈvɒlvd]
adj. 涉及的；牵连的；复杂的；感情投入的；有密切关系的
offering [四级]
美[ˈɔːfərɪŋ] | 英[ˈɒfərɪŋ]
n. 供品；作品；出售物
doctrine [六级]
美[ˈdɑːktrɪn] | 英[ˈdɒktrɪn]
n. 学说；教义；主义；（政府政策的）正式声明
uproar [六级]
美[ˈʌprɔːr] | 英[ˈʌprɔː(r)]
n. 骚动；喧嚣
重点讲解
The Internet Archive’s lending program, developed long before the pandemic, involved scanning physical books and offering them to readers in its Open Library, a practice called controlled digital lending.
互联网档案馆的借阅项目早在疫情暴发之前就有了，纸质图书被扫描后提供给“开放图书馆”的读者阅读，这种做法被称为可控数字借阅。
practice n.
1. 练习；训练
【例】basketball practice 篮球训练
2. 实践；实际行动
【例】put theories into practice 把理论应用到实践中
3. 通常的做法；常规的做法
【例】It's common practice in the States to tip the hairdresser.
在美国，给理发师小费是常见的做法。
One reader at a time could borrow each scanned book. If the library or one of its partners had two copies, two readers at a time could borrow it.
一次只有一个读者可以借阅一份扫描的书。如果开放图书馆或它的合作伙伴有两份扫描件，那么一次有两名读者可以借阅。
practice n.
1. 练习；训练
【例】basketball practice 篮球训练
2. 实践；实际行动
【例】put theories into practice 把理论应用到实践中
3. 通常的做法；常规的做法
【例】It's common practice in the States to tip the hairdresser.
在美国，给理发师小费是常见的做法。
The archive defended making its own e-books by citing fair use, a broad legal concept that permits copyrighted material to be quoted and excerpted, and the first-sale doctrine: It could do what it wanted with its own books.
档案馆援引“合理使用”原则和首次销售原则来为自己制作电子书辩护，“合理使用”是一个宽泛的法律概念，允许有版权的材料被引用和摘录，首次销售原则指的是图书馆可以任意使用自己拥有的书籍。
excerpt n. & v.
1. 作名词：摘录；节选
【例】 excerpts from the opera 歌剧的几个选段
【拓展】revision/abridgment/annotation n. 修订版/删节版/注释版
【辨析】except v. 除……以外
2. 作动词：摘引
【例】excerpt a passage from a book 从书中摘引一段
【近义词】extract n./v. 摘录；摘引
No dice, wrote Judge John G. Koeltl of U.S. District Court in Manhattan. His decision granting summary judgment for the publishers in March went far beyond the pandemic library. Any benefit for research and cultural participation, he said, was outweighed by harm to the publishers’ bottom line.
但曼哈顿地区法院的法官约翰·G. 科特尔写道：想都别想。今年3月，他同意出版商的申请，做出了简易判决，判决内容远远超出了疫情期间的图书馆的范畴。他称，对研究和文化参与的任何益处都比不上对出版商利润的损害。
grant v. （法律上或正式地）同意，允许
【例】Only the city council can grant permission to build on that site.
只有市议会能批准在那个地方建房子。
【搭配】grant sb sth/grant sth to sb 准予某人做某事
outweigh v. 重于；超过
【例】The advantages outweigh the disadvantages.
利大于弊。
【拓展】outlive/outnumber/outwit v. 活得更长/数量更多/在智慧上超过
The Internet Archive lost its court battle at a moment of rising concern about whether tech, entertainment and media companies are up to the job of maintaining the public’s access to a wide-ranging culture.
互联网档案馆在法庭上败诉之际，人们也越来越担心科技、娱乐和媒体公司是否有能力维护公众使用各种文化的权益。
be up to
1. 由……决定
【例】Shall we eat out or stay in? It's up to you.
咱们是到外面吃饭还是待在家里？你决定吧。
2. （体力或智力上）能胜任
【例】Mother is sick and not up to going out to the store.
母亲病了, 体力不支, 不能出门到店里去买东西。
3. 比得上；与……一样好
【例】be up to the standard 达到标准
scale back/down 减少（数量）；缩小（规模或范围）
【例】scale back growth forecasts 调低增长预测
【反义词】scale up 增加；扩大
【搭配】scale from...to 从……调到
【例】Text can be scaled from 4 points to 100 points.
字体大小可以从4点调到100点。
uproar n. （因愤怒或不满）吵闹，骚动
【例】There was an immediate uproar when the company talked about cutting holiday time.
公司提到要削减假期，立刻引起一片哗然。
【近义词】outrage n. 义愤；愤慨
【例】to cause public outrage 引起公愤
Warner Bros. Discovery, for example, wanted to scale back its Turner Classic Movies cable channel, a citadel of cinema history and art. It was stopped by an uproar.
例如，华纳兄弟探索公司想要缩小其特纳经典电影有线电视频道的规模，该频道是电影史和电影艺术的坚固堡垒。这一计划引起一片哗然并最终叫停了。
be up to
1. 由……决定
【例】Shall we eat out or stay in? It's up to you.
咱们是到外面吃饭还是待在家里？你决定吧。
2. （体力或智力上）能胜任
【例】Mother is sick and not up to going out to the store.
母亲病了, 体力不支, 不能出门到店里去买东西。
3. 比得上；与……一样好
【例】be up to the standard 达到标准
scale back/down 减少（数量）；缩小（规模或范围）
【例】scale back growth forecasts 调低增长预测
【反义词】scale up 增加；扩大
【搭配】scale from...to 从……调到
【例】Text can be scaled from 4 points to 100 points.
字体大小可以从4点调到100点。
uproar n. （因愤怒或不满）吵闹，骚动
【例】There was an immediate uproar when the company talked about cutting holiday time.
公司提到要削减假期，立刻引起一片哗然。
【近义词】outrage n. 义愤；愤慨
【例】to cause public outrage 引起公愤
New technology means culture is delivered on demand, but not all culture. When Netflix shipped DVDs to customers, there were about 100,000 to choose from. Streaming, which has a different economics, has reduced that to about 6,600 U.S. titles. Most are contemporary. Only a handful of movies on Netflix were made between 1940 and 1970.
新技术意味着文化是按需提供的，但不是所有文化都会被提供。当网飞向客户推出DVD光盘时，有大约10万张DVD可供选择。而流媒体有着不同的经济原理，流媒体将这一数字减少到约6600部美国电影。大多数电影都是当代作品。网飞上只有少数电影是在1940年至1970年之间制作的。
on demand/request 一经要求
【例】Water is served only on demand in this restaurant.
在这家餐馆, 你主动索要之后才会给你倒水。
【辨析】in demand 需求大
【例】Oil is in great demand these days.
目前对石油的需求很大。
contemporary adj. 当代的
【例】contemporary fiction 当代小说
【搭配】be contemporary with 与……同一时代
【例】Most of the writers whom he was contemporary with were interested in the same subjects.
和他同一时代的大多数作家都对相同的主题感兴趣。
Libraries have traditionally been sanctuaries for culture that could not afford to pay its own way, or that was lost or buried or didn’t fit current tastes. But that is at risk now.
图书馆一直以来是文化的庇护所，文化负担不起传播费用，或者是被遗失和埋藏，或者是不符合当下品味。但这种情况现在面临危险。
sanctuary n.
1. 庇护所；避难所
【例】The church became a sanctuary for the refugees.
教堂成为这些难民的庇护所。
2. 动物保护区；禁猎区
【例】a bird sanctuary 鸟类禁猎区
【近义词】refuge/shelter/haven n. 庇护所；避难所；安全区
Jason Schultz, director of New York University’s Technology Law & Policy Clinic, said: “The permanence of library collections may become a thing of the past. If the platforms decide not to offer the e-books or publishers decide to pull them off the shelves, the reader loses out.
纽约大学科技法律与政策讲习班主任贾森·舒尔茨说：“图书馆藏书的永久性可能会成为过去。如果平台决定不提供电子书，或者出版商决定将电子书下架，读者就会蒙受损失。
blank out
1. 变成空白
【例】My mind suddenly blanks out.
我的脑子突然间一片空白。
2. 删去；使无效；抹去记忆
【例】to blank out an entry/the experience
删除条目/刻意忘掉这段经历
This is similar to when songs you look for on Spotify are blanked out because the record company ended the license or when movies or television shows cycle off Netflix or Amazon."
这就类似于你在Spotify上寻找歌曲，然后发现因为唱片公司终止许可，这些歌无法播放，或者网飞和亚马逊上的电影和电视节目停止播放。”
blank out
1. 变成空白
【例】My mind suddenly blanks out.
我的脑子突然间一片空白。
2. 删去；使无效；抹去记忆
【例】to blank out an entry/the experience
删除条目/刻意忘掉这段经历
课后练习
The archive defended its lending program on the ground that ____.
A. it did not charge readers for the e-books
B. a reader could borrow only one book in total
C. a book owner could lend its books without limit
D. the readers only read the excerpts from the books
What decision did Judge John G. Koeltl make?
A. The archive didn’t own the e-book.
B. The archive was a business not a library.
C. The archive brought cultural benefits to people.
D. The archive harmed publishers’ profits.
The example of Netflix shows that ____.
A. new technology can enrich cultural products
B. technology may narrow the ranges of culture
C. streaming makes more profits than TV channels
D. streaming can better satisfy consumers’ demands
What is Jason Schultz’s concern about libraries?
A. Digital libraries cannot preserve its collections.
B. Libraries may lose the competition with cinemas.
C. Libraries cannot afford to keep operating.
D. Publishers may cease selling books to libraries.