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何时该相信直觉(上)
- Authors
经过数百万年的进化，人类已经被磨练得可以在不费力思考的情况下就对某些情况做出反应。
双语精读
When to trust your gut
何时该相信直觉
Humans have been honed over millions of years of evolution to respond to certain situations without thinking too hard. If your ancestors spotted movement in the undergrowth, they would run first and grunt questions later.
经过数百万年的进化，人类已经被磨练得可以在不费力思考的情况下就对某些情况做出反应。当你的祖先发现灌木丛中有动静时，都会先跑开，然后再咕哝着对刚才的情景表示疑惑。
At the same time, the capacity to analyse and to plan is part of what distinguishes people from other animals.
与此同时，分析和计划的能力是区分人类与其他动物的一个标志。
The question of when to trust your gut and when to test your assumptions--whether to think fast or slow, in the language of Daniel Kahneman, a psychologist--matters in the office as much as it does in the savannah.
什么时候该相信直觉，什么时候该验证假设----用心理学家丹尼尔·卡内曼的话来说，究竟使用快思考还是慢思考----这个问题无论是职场还是在野外都同等重要。
Deliberative thinking is the hallmark of a well-managed workplace. Strategic overhauls and budget discussions are built on rounds of meetings, memos, formulas and presentations.
深思熟虑是工作场所管理有方的标志。一轮轮会议、备忘录、方案和演示是进行战略改革和预算讨论的基础。
Processes are increasingly designed to stamp out instinctive responses. From blind screening of job applicants to using "red-teaming" techniques to pick apart a firm's plans, rigour trumps reflex. Yet instinct also has its place.
越来越多的流程被设计出来以杜绝本能反应，小到盲选求职者，大到使用"红队策略"来打磨公司的计划，严谨还是比本能更胜一筹。不过，本能也有用武之地。
Some decisions are more connected to emotional responses and inherently less tractable to analysis. Does a marketing campaign capture the essence of your company, say, or would this person work well with other people in a team?
有些决策与情绪反应之间的关系更加密切，本质上也难以通过分析来下决断。比如，营销活动是否充分抓住了公司的本质，或者一个人能否与团队中的其他人顺利合作？
In sticky customer-service situations, intuition is often a better guide to how to behave than a script. Gut instincts can also be improved (call it "probiotic management").
如果遇到棘手的客户，直觉往往比指南更能指导如何行事。直觉能力也是可以提高的（可以称之为"益生菌管理"）。
Plenty of research has shown that intuition becomes more unerring with experience. In one well-known experiment, conducted in 2012, volunteers were asked to assess whether a selection of designer handbags were counterfeit or real.
大量研究表明，随着经验的积累，直觉会变得更加准确。在2012年的一项著名实验中，志愿者被要求判断一些名牌手袋的真伪。
Some were instructed to operate on instinct and others to deliberate over their decision. Intuition worked better for those who owned at least three designer handbags; indeed, it outperformed analysis.
实验要求一些人凭直觉判断，其他人则要深思熟虑后再做决定。对于那些至少拥有三个名牌手袋的人来说，依照直觉判断的正确率更高；确实，直觉比分析更准确。
The more expert you become, the better your instincts tend to be. However, the real reason to embrace fast thinking is that it is, well, fast. Instinctive decision-making is often the only way to get through the day.
越专业，直觉往往就越准确。但是，选择快思考的真正原因就是：快。依照本能做决策往往是让你顺利度过一天的唯一方法。
Researchers at Cornell University once estimated that people make over 200 decisions a day about food alone.
康奈尔大学的研究人员曾经估算出，人们每天光是思考吃什么都会做出200多个决定。
The workplace is nothing but a succession of choices, a few big and many small: what to prioritise, when to intervene, whom to avoid in the lifts and, now, where to work each day.
职场也不过是充斥着一连串的选择罢了，通常是几个重要的选择加上许多个微小的选择，比如优先考虑什么、何时干预、在电梯里避开谁，现在还要考虑每天在哪儿工作。
词汇预习
increasingly [高考]
美[ɪnˈkriːsɪŋli] | 英[ɪnˈkriːsɪŋli]
adv. 逐渐地；越来越多地
emotional [高考]
美[ɪˈmoʊʃənl] | 英[ɪˈməʊʃənl]
adj. 感情的；情绪的
psychologist [高考]
美[saɪˈkɑːlədʒɪst] | 英[saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst]
n.心理学研究者，心理学家
deliberate [高考]
美[dɪˈlɪbərət , dɪˈlɪbəreɪt] | 英[dɪˈlɪbərət , dɪˈlɪbəreɪt]
adj. 深思熟虑的；故意的；从容不迫的 v. 仔细考虑；研讨
selection [高考]
美[sɪˈlekʃn] | 英[sɪˈlekʃn]
n. 选择；挑选；挑选出来的人或事
capacity [高考]
美[kəˈpæsəti] | 英[kəˈpæsəti]
n. 容量；容积；能力；职位；资格
capture [高考]
美[ˈkæptʃər] | 英[ˈkæptʃə(r)]
vt. 捕获；占领；夺取；吸引；(用照片等)留存 n. 捕获；战利品
instinct [高考]
美[ˈɪnstɪŋkt] | 英[ˈɪnstɪŋkt]
n. 直觉；本能；天性 adj. 充满的
embrace [高考]
美[ɪmˈbreɪs] | 英[ɪmˈbreɪs]
v. 拥抱；包含；包围；接受；信奉 n. 拥抱
sticky [高考]
美[ˈstɪki] | 英[ˈstɪki]
adj. 粘的；闷热的；困难的；令人不满意的
respond [高考]
美[rɪˈspɑːnd] | 英[rɪˈspɒnd]
v. 回答；响应；反应；反应灵敏；反响 n. [建]壁联；[宗]应唱圣歌
assess [高考]
美[əˈses] | 英[əˈses]
v. 评定；评估；估算
analysis [高考]
美[əˈnæləsɪs] | 英[əˈnæləsɪs]
n. 分析；解析
budget [高考]
美[ˈbʌdʒɪt] | 英[ˈbʌdʒɪt]
n. 预算 vt. 编预算；为 ... 做预算 vi. 节省开支 adj. 廉价的；不贵的
evolution [高考]
美[ˌevəˈluːʃn] | 英[ˌiːvəˈluːʃn , ˌevəˈluːʃn]
n. 进化；发展；演变
analyse [高考]
美[ˈænəlaɪz] | 英[ˈænəlaɪz]
vt. 分析；细察
get through [高考]
美[ɡet θruː] | 英[ɡet θruː]
v. 通过；到达；做完；度过；接通电话；让…了解
respond to [高考]
美[rɪˈspɑːnd tu] | 英[rɪˈspɒnd tu]
响应； 对 ... 起反应
nothing but [高考]
美[ˈnʌθɪŋ bʌt] | 英[ˈnʌθiŋ bʌt]
只不过； 只有
thinking [高考]
美[ˈθɪŋkɪŋ] | 英[ˈθɪŋkɪŋ]
n. 思考；思想 adj. 好思考的；有理性的
script [高考]
美[skrɪpt] | 英[skrɪpt]
n. 脚本；手迹；书写用的字母 vt. 把…改编为剧本 vi. 写电影脚本
workplace [高考]
美[ˈwɜːrkpleɪs] | 英[ˈwɜːkpleɪs]
n. 工作场所
where [高考]
美[wer] | 英[weə(r)]
adv. 在哪里；在那个地方 conj. 在 ... 地方
would [高考]
美[wʊd , wəd] | 英[wʊd , wəd]
aux. 将；可能；大概；总会；愿意；will的过去式
succession [四级]
美[səkˈseʃn] | 英[səkˈseʃn]
n. 连续；继承权；继位
decision-making [四级]
美[dɪ'sɪʒn 'meɪkɪŋ] | 英[dɪ'sɪʒn 'meɪkɪŋ]
n. 决策 adj. 决策的
intervene [四级]
美[ˌɪntərˈviːn] | 英[ˌɪntəˈviːn]
vi. 干涉；干预；介入；调停；插入；阻挠
essence [四级]
美[ˈesns] | 英[ˈesns]
n. 精髓；本质；要素；香精
inherently [四级]
美[ɪnˈhɪrəntli] | 英[ɪnˈhɪərəntli]
adv. 天性地；固有地
gut [四级]
美[ɡʌt] | 英[ɡʌt]
n. 内脏；肠子；勇气，胆量；直觉，本能；(用于制网球拍、琴弦等的) 肠线 vt. 取出内脏；摧毁（内部） adj. 本能的；（问题等）根本的
marketing [四级]
美[ˈmɑːrkɪtɪŋ] | 英[ˈmɑːkɪtɪŋ]
n. 市场营销；行销
instinctive [四级]
美[ɪnˈstɪŋktɪv] | 英[ɪnˈstɪŋktɪv]
adj. 本能的；天性的；直觉的
intuition [六级]
美[ˌɪntuˈɪʃn] | 英[ˌɪntjuˈɪʃn]
n. 直觉；直觉的知识
grunt [六级]
美[ɡrʌnt] | 英[grʌnt]
v. 咕哝；（猪等）打呼噜 n. 咕哝；呼噜声
make over [六级]
美[mek ˈovɚ] | 英[meik ˈəuvə]
(财产)转让； 移交； 改造； 重做
guide to [六级]
美[ɡaɪd tu] | 英[ɡaid tu:]
v. 带领到
reflex [专八]
美[ˈriːfleks] | 英[ˈriːfleks]
n. 反射作用；映象 adj. 反射的
counterfeit [专八]
美[ˈkaʊntərfɪt] | 英[ˈkaʊntəfɪt]
n. 膺品；伪造品 adj. 假冒的；假装的 v. 仿造；伪装；假装
tractable [专八]
美[ˈtræktəbl] | 英[ˈtræktəbl]
adj. （正式）易驾驭的
重点讲解
When to trust your gut
何时该相信直觉
hone v. 磨练，训练（尤指技艺）
（英文释义：to develop and improve sth, especially a skill, over a period of time）
【例】She honed her debating skills at college.
她在大学时便练就了辩论技巧。
respond to 对...作出回应
（英文释义：To act in response or in answer to someone or something；To elicit a reaction, especially a positive one, to a particular person or stimulus.）
【例】We're pleased to see that your body has been responding to the new treatment methods.
我们很高兴看到你的身体对新的治疗方法有反应。
Humans have been honed over millions of years of evolution to respond to certain situations without thinking too hard. If your ancestors spotted movement in the undergrowth, they would run first and grunt questions later.
经过数百万年的进化，人类已经被磨练得可以在不费力思考的情况下就对某些情况做出反应。当你的祖先发现灌木丛中有动静时，都会先跑开，然后再咕哝着对刚才的情景表示疑惑。
hone v. 磨练，训练（尤指技艺）
（英文释义：to develop and improve sth, especially a skill, over a period of time）
【例】She honed her debating skills at college.
她在大学时便练就了辩论技巧。
respond to 对...作出回应
（英文释义：To act in response or in answer to someone or something；To elicit a reaction, especially a positive one, to a particular person or stimulus.）
【例】We're pleased to see that your body has been responding to the new treatment methods.
我们很高兴看到你的身体对新的治疗方法有反应。
At**** the same**** time****,**** the capacity**** to**** analyse and to**** plan**** is**** part**** of**** what**** distinguishes people**** from**** other animals.****
与此同时，分析和计划的能力是区分人类与其他动物的一个标志。
The question**** of**** when**** to**** trust your**** gut and when**** to**** test**** your**** assumptions--whether**** to**** think fast**** or**** slow****,**** in**** the language**** of**** Daniel**** Kahneman****,**** a psychologist****--matters**** in**** the office**** as**** much**** as**** it**** does**** in**** the savannah****.****
什么时候该相信直觉，什么时候该验证假设----用心理学家丹尼尔·卡内曼的话来说，究竟使用快思考还是慢思考----这个问题无论是职场还是在野外都同等重要。
Deliberative thinking is the hallmark of a well-managed workplace. Strategic overhauls and budget discussions are built on rounds of meetings, memos, formulas and presentations.
深思熟虑是工作场所管理有方的标志。一轮轮会议、备忘录、方案和演示是进行战略改革和预算讨论的基础。
hallmark n.
1. (金银等制品上的) 标记
（英文释义：A hallmark is an official mark put on things made of gold, silver, or platinum that indicates the quality of the metal, where the object was made, and who made it.）
【例】Early pieces of Scottish silver carry the hallmarks of individual silversmiths.
早期的苏格兰银器上都有各个银匠的标记。
2. 特征；特点
（英文释义：a feature or quality that is typical of sb/sth）
【例】It's a technique that has become the hallmark of Amber Films.
这是一项已成为安伯电影公司标志的技术。
Processes are increasingly designed to stamp out instinctive responses. From blind screening of job applicants to using "red-teaming" techniques to pick apart a firm's plans, rigour trumps reflex. Yet instinct also has its place.
越来越多的流程被设计出来以杜绝本能反应，小到盲选求职者，大到使用"红队策略"来打磨公司的计划，严谨还是比本能更胜一筹。不过，本能也有用武之地。
stamp out
1. 扑灭，踩灭
（英文释义：to stop (something) from burning by stepping on it forcefully with the feet）
【例】stamp out a fire 将火扑灭
2. 杜绝，消灭
（英文释义：to get rid of something that is wrong or harmful）
【例】to stamp out racism 消灭种族主义
stamp out the epidemic 控制住疫情
pick (sth/sb) apart
1. 把...撕碎、拆解
（英文释义：to separate or tear into many parts）
【例】Harry picked his piece of cake apart, looking to get all the nuts out.
哈利把蛋糕掰开，想把里面的坚果都取出来。
2. 猛烈批评（以挑错）
（英文释义:To subject someone or something to intense or excessive analysis or criticism, especially in order to find flaws or negative aspects.）
【例】Critics picked his performance apart, but fans of the franchise seemed to love it.
评论家们对他的表演大加批评，但影迷们似乎很喜欢。
have a place (in) 有一席之地、有用武之地
（英文释义：To warrant involvement in something; to have a role in something.）
【例】Human institutions do have a place in settling issues of state.
人类机构确实在解决国家问题上占一席之地。
【拓展】have no place 不合适、不正确
（英文释义：to not be appropriate or right in a particular situation）
【例】She believed that religious teaching had no place in the school curriculum.
她认为宗教教学不应出现在学校课程中。
Some**** decisions are more**** connected to**** emotional responses and inherently**** less**** tractable to**** analysis****.**** Does**** a marketing campaign**** capture the essence of**** your**** company,**** say,**** or**** would this**** person**** work**** well**** with**** other people**** in**** a team****?****
有些决策与情绪反应之间的关系更加密切，本质上也难以通过分析来下决断。比如，营销活动是否充分抓住了公司的本质，或者一个人能否与团队中的其他人顺利合作？
In**** sticky**** customer****-service situations****,**** intuition is**** often a better**** guide to**** how to**** behave**** than**** a script****.**** Gut instincts can also**** be**** improved**** (call it**** "probiotic**** management****").****
如果遇到棘手的客户，直觉往往比指南更能指导如何行事。直觉能力也是可以提高的（可以称之为"益生菌管理"）。
Plenty**** of**** research**** has shown that**** intuition becomes more**** unerring**** with**** experience****.**** In**** one well****-known experiment****,**** conducted in**** 2012****,**** volunteers**** were**** asked to**** assess**** whether a selection of**** designer**** handbags**** were**** counterfeit or**** real****.****
大量研究表明，随着经验的积累，直觉会变得更加准确。在2012年的一项著名实验中，志愿者被要求判断一些名牌手袋的真伪。
Some**** were**** instructed**** to**** operate on**** instinct**** and others**** to**** deliberate**** over**** their decision****.**** Intuition worked**** better**** for those who owned at**** least three designer**** handbags****;**** indeed****,**** it**** outperformed**** analysis****.****
实验要求一些人凭直觉判断，其他人则要深思熟虑后再做决定。对于那些至少拥有三个名牌手袋的人来说，依照直觉判断的正确率更高；确实，直觉比分析更准确。
The more expert you become, the better your instincts tend to be. However, the real reason to embrace fast thinking is that it is, well, fast. Instinctive decision-making is often the only way to get through the day.
越专业，直觉往往就越准确。但是，选择快思考的真正原因就是：快。依照本能做决策往往是让你顺利度过一天的唯一方法。
embrace v.
1. 抱；拥抱
【例】They embraced and promised to keep in touch.
他们互相拥抱，许诺将保持联系。
2. 欣然接受，乐意采纳（思想、建议等）；信奉
【例】He embraces the new information age.
他欢迎新的信息时代。
Researchers at**** Cornell University**** once**** estimated that**** people**** make**** over**** 200 decisions a day about food**** alone.****
康奈尔大学的研究人员曾经估算出，人们每天光是思考吃什么都会做出200多个决定。
The workplace is**** nothing but a succession**** of**** choices,**** a few big and many**** small:**** what**** to**** prioritise****,**** when**** to**** intervene,**** whom**** to**** avoid in**** the lifts and,**** now,**** where to**** work**** each**** day.****
职场也不过是充斥着一连串的选择罢了，通常是几个重要的选择加上许多个微小的选择，比如优先考虑什么、何时干预、在电梯里避开谁，现在还要考虑每天在哪儿工作。
课后练习
What can be learned from the text about thinking fast?
A. It was evolved to protect humans from dangers.
B. It is an ability that is exclusively possessed by humans.
C. It provides a foundation for analysis and planning.
D. It serves no useful purpose in most workplaces.
The characteristic of a well-managed workplace is that ____.
A. plans need to be approved by the whole team
B. there are strict rules to regulate activities
C. decisions are made after careful consideration
D. attention to detail is emphasized in management
Intuition may work better than analysis when ____.
A. a long-term business plan is devised
B. the target of a marketing campaign is set
C. a customer-service problem is addressed
D. the discussion on a radical reform is held
The experiment in 2012 discovers that ____.
A. experience strengthens the reliability of intuition
B. visual information can disrupt the operation of intuition
C. deliberation functions better for inexperienced people
D. analysis ensures the accuracy of decision-making
According to the text ,the real reason to embrace fast thinking is that ____.
A. it guides people to make the correct judgment
B. it is efficient enough for the real life
C. it prevents people from feeling regret
D. it can select the best option for us