反电子烟政策的意外后果(下)

吸烟和喝酒往往如影随形。饮酒的青少年吸烟的可能性是其他人的两倍。

双语精读

Smoking and drinking tend to go together. Teenagers who drink are twice as likely as others to light up. One study found that raising the drinking age from 18 to 21 in America reduced smoking among the affected age group.

吸烟和喝酒往往如影随形。饮酒的青少年吸烟的可能性是其他人的两倍。一项研究发现，在美国，将饮酒年龄从18岁提高到21岁可以减少该年龄段青少年的吸烟率。

It works in reverse, too. Raising taxes on cigarettes has been found to taper teenage drinking. So surely lawmakers should rush to implement an e-cigarette tax? The answer is not so simple.

反过来（限制吸烟）也同样可以（对减少饮酒）起到作用，人们发现提高香烟税能够降低青少年饮酒率。那么，果然立法者应该抓紧实行电子烟税吗？答案并没有那么简单。

Many smokers use e-cigarettes to reduce harm from their habit. Some also use e-cigarettes to quit traditional cigarettes.

许多烟民借助电子烟来减少抽烟带来的危害，还有些人则利用电子烟来戒掉传统香烟。

A review of 78 studies mostly from America, Britain and Italy found that people are more likely to stop smoking for at least six months when using nicotine e-cigarettes compared with other methods.

一项针对主要来自美国、英国和意大利的78项研究的文献综述发现，与通过其他途径戒烟的人相比，吸食含有尼古丁的电子烟的人坚持戒烟六个月以上的可能性更高。

England's National Health Service (NHS) encourages e-cigarette use for quitting smoking. A tax increase on e-cigarettes, or an outright ban, could encourage smokers to switch to traditional cigarettes.

英国国民医疗服务体系（NHS）鼓励人们用电子烟来戒烟。电子烟增税或彻底禁售可能会促使烟民转战传统香烟。

A separate American study found that a $1 increase in e-cigarette taxes reduced daily vaping but increased cigarette smoking in young adults. A good e-cigarette policy would discourage young adults while encouraging cigarette smokers to use them for quitting.

一项美国的独立研究发现，虽然电子烟增税1美元会减少年轻人的日常吸烟量，但吸烟总人数却会增加。一项良好的电子烟政策不仅应该劝诫年轻人远离电子烟，还应该鼓励烟民借助电子烟来戒烟。

Requiring a prescription for e-cigarettes could help. The NHS announced in October 2021 that it may do just that. But Catherine Maclean, one of the San Francisco study's authors, warns that this could also have unintended consequences in America.

要求电子烟凭借处方进行购买可能是一个解决办法。英国国家医疗服务体系在2021年10月宣布可能会采取这种方式。但旧金山一份研究报告的作者之一凯瑟琳·麦克林警告说，这也可能在美国造成意想不到的后果。

Requiring a prescription could push e-cigarette users and young adults towards regular cigarettes or illicit vaping products. Limiting e-cigarettes could also spur drug use.

要求凭借处方购买电子烟可能会促使电子烟烟民和年轻人转向普通香烟或非法电子烟产品。限制电子烟也可能刺激毒品的使用。

Raising the drinking age in the 1980s slightly increased marijuana smoking among young people. Raising the price of vaping could do the same, especially in states that have legalised the drug.

20世纪80年代提高法定饮酒年龄的举措让吸食大麻的年轻人数量小幅上涨。电子烟涨价也可能造成同样的后果，在毒品合法化的州更是如此。

Ms Maclean recommends stacking taxes so that the more harmful products are taxed at a higher rate than their less harmful substitutes. Young people tend to be cash-strapped, so even a small tax increase could deter use.

麦克林女士建议增加税收，使危害较大的产品税率高于危害较小的替代品。年轻人往往囊中羞涩，因此即使是小幅增税也可能遏制他们对于高危产品的购买。

Tighter regulation is also a possible answer - Britain and the European Union regulate the amount of nicotine in e-cigarettes. "Policymakers need to think beyond a targeted outcome and think more broadly," says Ms Maclean.

进行更严格的监管也是解决方案之一——英国和欧盟都对电子烟中的尼古丁含量进行监管。麦克林女士表示：“政策制定者不能仅仅局限于眼下的结果，而应该高瞻远瞩。”

词汇预习

• regulate [高考]

  美[ˈreɡjuleɪt] | 英[ˈreɡjuleɪt]

  vt. 调整；校准；管理；控制

• reverse [高考]

  美[rɪˈvɜːrs] | 英[rɪˈvɜːs]

  v. 逆转；倒退；互换；改变 adj. 相反的；反面的；颠倒的 n. 相反；背面；失败；倒档

• rate [高考]

  美[reɪt] | 英[reɪt]

  n. 比率；速度；价格；费用；等级 v. 认为；估价；定等级；值得；怒斥；责骂

• switch [高考]

  美[swɪtʃ] | 英[swɪtʃ]

  n. 转换；开关；鞭子 v. 改变；交换；转换；鞭打

• quit [高考]

  美[kwɪt] | 英[kwɪt]

  v. 停止；离开；退出；辞职 n. 离开；[计] 退出 adj. 摆脱了…的；已经了结的

• discourage [高考]

  美[dɪsˈkɜːrɪdʒ] | 英[dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒ]

  vt. 阻碍；使气馁

• outcome [高考]

  美[ˈaʊtkʌm] | 英[ˈaʊtkʌm]

  n. 结果，成果，效果，结局

• ban [高考]

  美[bæn] | 英[bæn]

  v. 禁止；剥夺权利 n. 禁令；禁止

• cash [高考]

  美[kæʃ] | 英[kæʃ]

  n. 现金 vt. 付现款；兑现 adj. 现金的

• regulation [高考]

  美[ˌreɡjuˈleɪʃn] | 英[ˌreɡjuˈleɪʃn]

  n. 管理；规章；规则 adj. 规定的

• tax [高考]

  美[tæks] | 英[tæks]

  n. 税；负担 v. 斥责；课税；使 ... 负重荷

• prescription [高考]

  美[prɪˈskrɪpʃn] | 英[prɪˈskrɪpʃn]

  n. 处方；药方；对策

• increase in [高考]

  美[ɪnˈkris ɪn] | 英[inˈkri:s in]

  增加； 增大

• light up [高考]

  美[laɪt ʌp] | 英[laɪt ʌp]

  点亮； 照亮；点燃（香烟等），开始抽烟；点灯，开灯；（使）容光焕发，（使）面露喜色

• implement [高考]

  美[ˈɪmplɪment , ˈɪmplɪmənt] | 英[ˈɪmplɪment , ˈɪmplɪmənt]

  n. 工具；器具；当工具的物品 vt. 实施；执行；向 ... 提供工具(或手段)

• would [高考]

  美[wʊd , wəd] | 英[wʊd , wəd]

  aux. 将；可能；大概；总会；愿意；will的过去式

• spur [四级]

  美[spɜːr] | 英[spɜː(r)]

  n. 支脉；刺激；马刺；鞭策 vt. 刺激；鞭策；促进

• broadly [四级]

  美[ˈbrɔːdli] | 英[ˈbrɔːdli]

  adv. 概括地；大体上；宽广地；广泛地；明白地；无礼貌地

• unintended [四级]

  美[ˌʌnɪnˈtɛndɪd] | 英[ˌʌnɪnˈtendɪd]

  adj. 非计划中的；非故意的

• switch to [四级]

  美[swɪtʃ tu] | 英[switʃ tu:]

  v.切换到，转到，转变成;转入

• go together [四级]

  美[ɡo təˈɡɛðɚ] | 英[ɡəu təˈɡeðə]

  和谐； 相称； 协调

• taper [六级]

  美[ˈteɪpər] | 英[ˈteɪpə(r)]

  n. 小蜡烛；蜡芯；尖锥形；渐弱 v. 逐渐变小；逐渐消失 adj. 尖细的；划分等级的

• deter [六级]

  美[dɪˈtɜːr] | 英[dɪˈtɜː(r)]

  vt. 阻止；威慑；威吓

• works [专八]

  美[wəks] | 英[wə:ks]

  n. 工厂；修建；机器部件；全套物品

• nicotine [专八]

  美[ˈnɪkətiːn] | 英[ˈnɪkətiːn]

  n. 尼古丁

• outright [专八]

  美[ˈaʊtraɪt] | 英[ˈaʊtraɪt]

  adj. 直率的；完全的；彻底的 adv. 率直地；立刻地；彻底地

• illicit [专八]

  美[ɪˈlɪsɪt] | 英[ɪˈlɪsɪt]

  adj. 非法的；违禁的；不正当的

重点讲解

Smoking and drinking tend to go together. Teenagers who drink are twice as likely as others to light up. One study found that raising the drinking age from 18 to 21 in America reduced smoking among the affected age group.

吸烟和喝酒往往如影随形。饮酒的青少年吸烟的可能性是其他人的两倍。一项研究发现，在美国，将饮酒年龄从18岁提高到21岁可以减少该年龄段青少年的吸烟率。

go together

1.经常在同一时间／同一地点存在

（英文释义：to regularly exist at the same time, or often be found in the same place）

【例】Movies and popcorn just seem to go together.

电影和爆米花似乎是相伴而生的。

2. 适配，互相协调

（英文释义：If items of clothing, furniture, or food go together, they look or taste good when experienced at the same time）

【例】His suit, shirt, and tie didn't really go together.

他的西装、衬衫和领带其实并不相配。

3. 恋爱

（英文释义：If two people are going together, they have a romantic or sexual relationship with each other.）

【例】They've been going together for several years.

他们已经在一起好几年了。

light up

1. 点烟

（英文释义：to light a cigarette）

【例】I was lighting up when I noticed a “no smoking” sign.

【例】正当我点烟时，我注意到一个“禁止吸烟”的标志。

2. 露出吃惊的表情，面露喜色

（英文释义：often used figuratively to express interest or pleasure；If your face or eyes light up, or if a smile lights up your face, you suddenly look happy）

【例】His eyes/face lit up when she walked in the room.

当她走进房间时，他的双眼／脸庞放光了。

Rosie’s whole face lit up with excitement when she saw the presents.

罗西看到礼物时兴奋得满脸通红。

It works in reverse, too. Raising taxes on cigarettes has been found to taper teenage drinking. So surely lawmakers should rush to implement an e-cigarette tax? The answer is not so simple.

反过来（限制吸烟）也同样可以（对减少饮酒）起到作用，人们发现提高香烟税能够降低青少年饮酒率。那么，果然立法者应该抓紧实行电子烟税吗？答案并没有那么简单。

taper   v. 

1. 使逐渐变细；逐渐变细

【例】Unlike other trees, it doesn't taper very much. It stays fat all the way up.

不像其他树，它不是越往上越细，而是自下往上一样粗。

2. （数量、程度等）逐渐减少

（英文释义：to become gradually less in number, amount, degree, etc.）

【例】The number of applicants for teaching posts has tapered off. 

申请做教学工作的人数越来越少。

They are gradually tapering off production of the older models. 

他们在逐步减少生产旧型号的产品。

rush   v. & n.

1. 作动词

（1）迅速地走

【例】I rushed to get the 7:00 a.m. train.

 我急急忙忙去赶早上7点的火车。

（2）急着（做）

【搭配】rush to do sth 急着做某事

【例】Russian banks rushed to buy as many dollars as they could.

 俄罗斯各银行急着尽可能多地买入美元。

2. 作名词

（1）猛烈移动；冲

【例】Shoppers made a rush for the exits. 

购物者冲向出口。

He had a rush of blood to the head and punched the man. 

他一时冲动，挥拳打了那个男人。

（2）匆忙，仓促

【例】‘I'll let you have the book back tomorrow.’ ‘ There's no rush .’ 

“我明天就把书还给你。”“不用着急。”

（3）迸发的情绪；情绪迸发

（英文释义：a sudden strong emotion or sign of strong emotion）

【例】a sudden rush of excitement/ fear/ anger 突然感到的兴奋/恐惧/愤怒

Many smokers use e-cigarettes to reduce harm from their habit. Some also use e-cigarettes to quit traditional cigarettes.

许多烟民借助电子烟来减少抽烟带来的危害，还有些人则利用电子烟来戒掉传统香烟。

quit   v.

1. 离开（工作职位、学校等）；离任；离校

【例】He has decided to quit as manager of the team. 

他已决定辞掉球队经理的职务。

2. 停止、戒掉

【例】We only just started. We're not going to quit now. 

我们才刚刚开始，现在决不放弃。

outright   adj. & adv.

1. 作形容词，完全的，彻底的，绝对的

（英文释义：complete and total）

【例】an outright ban/rejection/victory 完全禁止；断然拒绝；彻底胜利

2. 作副词，公开地；直率地；毫无保留地

（英文释义：in a direct way and without trying to hide anything）

【例】Why don't you ask him outright if it's true? 

你为什么不直截了当地问他那是否属实？

A review of 78 studies mostly from America, Britain and Italy found that people are more likely to stop smoking for at least six months when using nicotine e-cigarettes compared with other methods.

一项针对主要来自美国、英国和意大利的78项研究的文献综述发现，与通过其他途径戒烟的人相比，吸食含有尼古丁的电子烟的人坚持戒烟六个月以上的可能性更高。

quit   v.

1. 离开（工作职位、学校等）；离任；离校

【例】He has decided to quit as manager of the team. 

他已决定辞掉球队经理的职务。

2. 停止、戒掉

【例】We only just started. We're not going to quit now. 

我们才刚刚开始，现在决不放弃。

outright   adj. & adv.

1. 作形容词，完全的，彻底的，绝对的

（英文释义：complete and total）

【例】an outright ban/rejection/victory 完全禁止；断然拒绝；彻底胜利

2. 作副词，公开地；直率地；毫无保留地

（英文释义：in a direct way and without trying to hide anything）

【例】Why don't you ask him outright if it's true? 

你为什么不直截了当地问他那是否属实？

England’s National Health Service (NHS) encourages e-cigarette use for quitting smoking. A tax increase on e-cigarettes, or an outright ban, could encourage smokers to switch to traditional cigarettes.

英国国民医疗服务体系（NHS）鼓励人们用电子烟来戒烟。电子烟增税或彻底禁售可能会促使烟民转战传统香烟。

quit   v.

1. 离开（工作职位、学校等）；离任；离校

【例】He has decided to quit as manager of the team. 

他已决定辞掉球队经理的职务。

2. 停止、戒掉

【例】We only just started. We're not going to quit now. 

我们才刚刚开始，现在决不放弃。

outright   adj. & adv.

1. 作形容词，完全的，彻底的，绝对的

（英文释义：complete and total）

【例】an outright ban/rejection/victory 完全禁止；断然拒绝；彻底胜利

2. 作副词，公开地；直率地；毫无保留地

（英文释义：in a direct way and without trying to hide anything）

【例】Why don't you ask him outright if it's true? 

你为什么不直截了当地问他那是否属实？

A separate American study found that a $1 increase in e-cigarette taxes reduced daily vaping but increased cigarette smoking in young adults. A good e-cigarette policy would discourage young adults while encouraging cigarette smokers to use them for quitting.

一项美国的独立研究发现，虽然电子烟增税1美元会减少年轻人的日常吸烟量，但吸烟总人数却会增加。一项良好的电子烟政策不仅应该劝诫年轻人远离电子烟，还应该鼓励烟民借助电子烟来戒烟。

spur   n. & v.

1. 作名词，鞭策；激励；刺激；鼓舞

【搭配】a spur to sth 刺激、鼓励…

【例】His speech was a powerful spur to action. 

他的讲话很有鼓动力。

【拓展】on the spur of the moment 一时冲动之下，心血来潮

【例】I phoned him up on the spur of the moment. 

我一时心动，给他打了电话。

2. 作动词，鞭策；激励；刺激；鼓舞

【搭配】spur sb/ sth (on) (to sth/ to do sth)

【例】I was spurred into action by the letter. 

那封信激励我行动起来。

Requiring a prescription for e-cigarettes could help. The NHS announced in October 2021 that it may do just that. But Catherine Maclean, one of the San Francisco study’s authors, warns that this could also have unintended consequences in America.

要求电子烟凭借处方进行购买可能是一个解决办法。英国国家医疗服务体系在2021年10月宣布可能会采取这种方式。但旧金山一份研究报告的作者之一凯瑟琳·麦克林警告说，这也可能在美国造成意想不到的后果。

spur   n. & v.

1. 作名词，鞭策；激励；刺激；鼓舞

【搭配】a spur to sth 刺激、鼓励…

【例】His speech was a powerful spur to action. 

他的讲话很有鼓动力。

【拓展】on the spur of the moment 一时冲动之下，心血来潮

【例】I phoned him up on the spur of the moment. 

我一时心动，给他打了电话。

2. 作动词，鞭策；激励；刺激；鼓舞

【搭配】spur sb/ sth (on) (to sth/ to do sth)

【例】I was spurred into action by the letter. 

那封信激励我行动起来。

Requiring a prescription could push e-cigarette users and young adults towards regular cigarettes or illicit vaping products. Limiting e-cigarettes could also spur drug use.

要求凭借处方购买电子烟可能会促使电子烟烟民和年轻人转向普通香烟或非法电子烟产品。限制电子烟也可能刺激毒品的使用。

spur   n. & v.

1. 作名词，鞭策；激励；刺激；鼓舞

【搭配】a spur to sth 刺激、鼓励…

【例】His speech was a powerful spur to action. 

他的讲话很有鼓动力。

【拓展】on the spur of the moment 一时冲动之下，心血来潮

【例】I phoned him up on the spur of the moment. 

我一时心动，给他打了电话。

2. 作动词，鞭策；激励；刺激；鼓舞

【搭配】spur sb/ sth (on) (to sth/ to do sth)

【例】I was spurred into action by the letter. 

那封信激励我行动起来。

Raising the drinking age in the 1980s slightly increased marijuana smoking among young people. Raising the price of vaping could do the same, especially in states that have legalised the drug.

20世纪80年代提高法定饮酒年龄的举措让吸食大麻的年轻人数量小幅上涨。电子烟涨价也可能造成同样的后果，在毒品合法化的州更是如此。

stack   n. & v.

1. 作名词，（通常指码放整齐的）一叠，一摞，一堆

【例】a stack of books 一摞书

2. 作动词，（使）放成整齐的一叠（或一摞、一堆）

【例】They were busy stacking the shelves with goods. 他们正忙着摆货物上架呢。

deter   v. 制止；阻止；威慑；使不敢

【拓展】deter sb (from sth/ from doing sth)

【例】The high price of the service could deter people from seeking advice. 

这么高的服务费可能使咨询者望而却步。

【拓展】deterrence n. 威慑

nuclear deterrence  核震慑

Ms Maclean recommends stacking taxes so that the more harmful products are taxed at a higher rate than their less harmful substitutes. Young people tend to be cash-strapped, so even a small tax increase could deter use.

麦克林女士建议增加税收，使危害较大的产品税率高于危害较小的替代品。年轻人往往囊中羞涩，因此即使是小幅增税也可能遏制他们对于高危产品的购买。

stack   n. & v.

1. 作名词，（通常指码放整齐的）一叠，一摞，一堆

【例】a stack of books 一摞书

2. 作动词，（使）放成整齐的一叠（或一摞、一堆）

【例】They were busy stacking the shelves with goods. 他们正忙着摆货物上架呢。

deter   v. 制止；阻止；威慑；使不敢

【拓展】deter sb (from sth/ from doing sth)

【例】The high price of the service could deter people from seeking advice. 

这么高的服务费可能使咨询者望而却步。

【拓展】deterrence n. 威慑

nuclear deterrence  核震慑

Tighter regulation**** is**** also**** a possible**** answer**** - Britain and the European**** Union regulate**** the amount**** of**** nicotine**** in**** e-cigarettes****.**** “Policymakers need**** to**** think beyond**** a targeted**** outcome and think more**** broadly,” says**** Ms**** Maclean.****

进行更严格的监管也是解决方案之一——英国和欧盟都对电子烟中的尼古丁含量进行监管。麦克林女士表示：“政策制定者不能仅仅局限于眼下的结果，而应该高瞻远瞩。”

课后练习

• One of the benefits of e-cigarettes is that ____.

  A. it makes teenagers less likely to drink

  B. it helps people quit smoking for some time

  C. it reduces people’s addiction on nicotine

  D. it teaches people the harm of smoking

• What is the target of a good e-cigarette policy?

  A. It should increase taxes by a small margin.

  B. It should warn people of the harm of smoking.

  C. It should prevent smokers from shifting to traditional cigarettes.

  D. It should ban e-cigarettes completely to curb smoking.

• Requiring a prescription for e-cigarettes could have the consequence of ____.

  A. arousing teenagers’ interest in smoking

  B. raising the price of regular cigarettes

  C. increasing the drug use among young people

  D. pushing up the crime rate in some states

• According to Ms Maclean, policymakers should ____.

  A. tax e-cigarettes at a high rate

  B. tighten the regulation on drugs

  C. promote nicotine-free cigarettes

  D. consider the possible consequences