反电子烟政策的意外后果(上)

E-cigarettes（电子烟）又名vapes，常见的电子烟品牌包括Juul等，是一种靠电池驱动的吸烟装置，所以用户无需点烟就能吸食尼古丁。

双语精读

The possible unintended consequences of anti-vaping policies

反电子烟政策可能造成的意外后果

E-cigarettes, also known as vapes and by brand names such as Juul, are battery-operated devices that allow users to inhale nicotine without lighting a cigarette.

E-cigarettes（电子烟）又名vapes，常见的电子烟品牌包括Juul等，是一种靠电池驱动的吸烟装置，所以用户无需点烟就能吸食尼古丁。

They were introduced to America in 2006. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), more than 2m high-school pupils (about 14%) reported using e-cigarettes in 2022.

电子烟于2006年被引进美国。美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）的调查数据显示，2022年，有超过200万名高中生（约占美国高中生总数的14%）表示正在使用电子烟。

The FDA and others are trying to work out how to regulate them. The result may be a textbook example of unintended consequences.

美国食品和药物管理局以及其他相关机构正在努力研究如何对电子烟实施管控，由此可能造成一系列典型的意外后果。

Though e-cigarettes are much less harmful than traditional cigarettes, their effect on health can still be serious. Vaping has been associated with a higher risk of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

虽然电子烟的危害远低于传统香烟，但还是会对健康造成严重影响。吸食电子烟更容易导致哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺病。

E-cigarette exposure may be particularly harmful for young adults--there are fears that it can harm brain development and trigger a lifelong addiction to nicotine.

接触电子烟对年轻人的危害尤为严重----有人担心它会损害大脑发育，最终导致尼古丁终身成瘾。

Thirty states tax e-cigarettes and all states ban sales to minors. One way to cut e-cigarette consumption is by imposing a tax.

目前有30个州对电子烟征税，所有州都明令禁止向未成年人兜售电子烟。其中一个降低电子烟销量的方法就是征税。

A study by the Centre for Health Economics & Policy Studies at San Diego State University found that a $1 increase in e-cigarette taxes is associated with a 14-26% decrease in vaping among high-school pupils.

圣地亚哥州立大学健康经济与政策研究中心的一项研究发现，电子烟税每提高1美元，高中生的吸烟率就会下降14%-26%。

Unexpectedly, the tax increase seems also to temper teenage alcohol consumption. One in ten teenagers reported binge drinking (four or more drinks for women, and five or more drinks for men, within a few hours at least once in the previous month).

出乎意料的是，电子烟增税似乎也能抑制青少年的酒精消费。十分之一的青少年在调查中承认酗酒（即过去一个月至少有一次在几个小时内，女性连续喝四杯或四杯以上，男性连续喝五杯或五杯以上）。

According to the study, a $1 increase in e-cigarette taxes is associated with a 10-11% reduction in teenage binge drinking. Drinking and driving is especially deadly for young people.

根据这项研究，电子烟税每增加1美元，青少年的酗酒率就会减少10%-11%。酒后驾车对年轻人来说尤为致命。

Young adults (aged 16-20) who drink and drive are 17 times more likely to die in a car accident. The study found that increasing e-cigarette taxes reduces this, too.

酒后驾车的年轻人（16-20岁）死于车祸的可能性是其他普通人的17倍。研究发现，提高电子烟税也能减少这种情况。

A $1 rise in e-cigarette taxes brings a 10-14% decline in the number of alcohol-related traffic deaths per 100,000 among 16-to-20-year-olds.

电子烟税每提高1美元，16至20岁人群中每10万人与酒精有关的交通死亡人数就会下降10%-14%。

词汇预习

• particularly [高考]

  美[pərˈtɪkjələrli] | 英[pəˈtɪkjələli]

  adv. 特别；尤其；详细地

• trigger [高考]

  美[ˈtrɪɡər] | 英[ˈtrɪɡə(r)]

  v. 使发生；触发；使运行 n. 扳机；起因

• consumption [高考]

  美[kənˈsʌmpʃn] | 英[kənˈsʌmpʃn]

  n. 消费；消耗；肺痨

• reduction [高考]

  美[rɪˈdʌkʃn] | 英[rɪˈdʌkʃn]

  n. 减少；降低；减价；(化学)还原反应；(数学)约分

• regulate [高考]

  美[ˈreɡjuleɪt] | 英[ˈreɡjuleɪt]

  vt. 调整；校准；管理；控制

• lifelong [高考]

  美[ˈlaɪflɔŋ] | 英[ˈlaɪflɒŋ]

  adj. 终身的；毕生的

• exposure [高考]

  美[ɪkˈspoʊʒər] | 英[ɪkˈspəʊʒə(r)]

  n. 暴露；揭露；胶片；曝光时间；(在电视、报纸等媒体上的)亮相；挨冻

• temper [高考]

  美[ˈtempər] | 英[ˈtempə(r)]

  n. 脾气；情绪；心情；性情；（钢等）回火 vt. 使（金属）回火；锻炼；调和；使缓和 vi. 回火；调和

• within [高考]

  美[wɪˈðɪn] | 英[wɪˈðɪn]

  prep. 在(某段时间、距离或范围)内；在…里面 adv. 在…里面 n. 内部

• per [高考]

  美[pər] | 英[pə(r)]

  prep. 每；每一；经过；按照

• decline [高考]

  美[dɪˈklaɪn] | 英[dɪˈklaɪn]

  v. 下降；减少；变弱；拒绝；倾斜 n. 减少，衰退

• previous [高考]

  美[ˈpriːviəs] | 英[ˈpriːviəs]

  adj. 以前的；先于；在 ... 之前

• alcohol [高考]

  美[ˈælkəhɔːl] | 英[ˈælkəhɒl]

  n. 酒精；酒；乙醇

• ban [高考]

  美[bæn] | 英[bæn]

  v. 禁止；剥夺权利 n. 禁令；禁止

• decrease [高考]

  美[dɪˈkriːs , ˈdiːkriːs] | 英[dɪˈkriːs , ˈdiːkriːs]

  v. 减少；减小；降低 n. 减少；降低

• brand [高考]

  美[brænd] | 英[brænd]

  n. 烙印；商标；牌子；标记 vt. 加污名于；铭记；打烙印

• tax [高考]

  美[tæks] | 英[tæks]

  n. 税；负担 v. 斥责；课税；使 ... 负重荷

• increase in [高考]

  美[ɪnˈkris ɪn] | 英[inˈkri:s in]

  增加； 增大

• decrease in [高考]

  美 | 英

  在……方面的减少

• chronic [四级]

  美[ˈkrɑːnɪk] | 英[ˈkrɒnɪk]

  adj. 长期的；慢性的；惯常的

• anti [四级]

  美[ˈænti] | 英[ˈænti]

  n. 反对者 adj. 反对的 prep. 反对

• unintended [四级]

  美[ˌʌnɪnˈtɛndɪd] | 英[ˌʌnɪnˈtendɪd]

  adj. 非计划中的；非故意的

• effect on [四级]

  美[ɪˈfɛkt ɑn] | 英[iˈfekt ɔn]

  对 ... 的作用

• decline in [四级]

  美 | 英

  在……方面的减少；下降

• rise in [四级]

  美 | 英

  在……方面的增加；上涨

• much less [四级]

  美[mʌtʃ lɛs] | 英[mʌtʃ les]

  更不必说； 何况； 更少

• nicotine [专八]

  美[ˈnɪkətiːn] | 英[ˈnɪkətiːn]

  n. 尼古丁

• binge [专八]

  美[bɪndʒ] | 英[bɪndʒ]

  n. 狂欢作乐；放纵 vi. 狂欢作乐

• trying [专八]

  美[ˈtraɪɪŋ] | 英[ˈtraɪɪŋ]

  adj. 难受的；令人厌烦的

• inhale [考研]

  美[ɪnˈheɪl] | 英[ɪnˈheɪl]

  v. 吸入；吸气；吞咽

重点讲解

The possible unintended consequences of anti-vaping policies

反电子烟政策可能造成的意外后果

unintended   adj. 无意识的；非计划中的

（英文释义：Unintended results were not planned to happen, although they happened.）

【例】an unintended pregnancy   意外怀孕

【拓展】intended   adj.

1. 意欲达到的；打算的；计划的

（英文释义：that you are trying to achieve or reach）

【例】the intended purpose 原来的目的

the intended audience 预期的观众

2. 为…打算（或设计）的

（英文释义：planned or designed for sb/sth）

【搭配】intended for sb/ sth; intended as sth; intended to be/ do sth

【例】The book is intended for children.

这本书是为儿童写的。

E-cigarettes, also known as vapes and by brand names such as Juul, are battery-operated devices that allow users to inhale nicotine without lighting a cigarette.

E-cigarettes（电子烟）又名vapes，常见的电子烟品牌包括Juul等，是一种靠电池驱动的吸烟装置，所以用户无需点烟就能吸食尼古丁。

inhale   v. 吸入; 吸气

（英文释义：to take air, smoke, gas, etc. into your lungs as you breathe）

【例】She closed her eyes and inhaled deeply.

她合上双眼，深深吸了一口气。

【拓展】inhalation   n. 吸入，吸入物

【例】Hundreds of children were treated for smoke inhalation.

数以百计的儿童因吸入浓烟而接受了治疗。

They were introduced to America in 2006. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), more than 2m high-school pupils (about 14%) reported using e-cigarettes in 2022.

电子烟于2006年被引进美国。美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）的调查数据显示，2022年，有超过200万名高中生（约占美国高中生总数的14%）表示正在使用电子烟。

inhale   v. 吸入; 吸气

（英文释义：to take air, smoke, gas, etc. into your lungs as you breathe）

【例】She closed her eyes and inhaled deeply.

她合上双眼，深深吸了一口气。

【拓展】inhalation   n. 吸入，吸入物

【例】Hundreds of children were treated for smoke inhalation.

数以百计的儿童因吸入浓烟而接受了治疗。

The FDA and others are trying to work out how to regulate them. The result may be a textbook example of unintended consequences.

美国食品和药物管理局以及其他相关机构正在努力研究如何对电子烟实施管控，由此可能造成一系列典型的意外后果。

work out

1. 找到（解决办法等）

【例】It took me some time to work out what was causing this.

它花了我一些时间，找到导致这种状况的原因。

2. 计算

【例】It is proving hard to work out the value of bankrupt companies' assets.

经证明，计算破产公司的资产较难。

3. 进展顺利

【例】Things just didn't work out as planned.

事情没有像计划的那样进展顺利。

4. 锻炼

【例】Work out at a gym or swim twice a week.

每周两次在健身房锻炼或游泳。

a textbook example   典型案例

（英文释义：A clear and characteristic instance, example, or demonstration of something.）

【例】This temple is a textbook example of traditional Chinese architecture.

这座寺庙是中国传统建筑的典型范例。

Though e-cigarettes are much less harmful than traditional cigarettes, their effect on health can still be serious. Vaping has been associated with a higher risk of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

虽然电子烟的危害远低于传统香烟，但还是会对健康造成严重影响。吸食电子烟更容易导致哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺病。

exposure   n.

1. 面临，遭受（危险或不快）

【搭配】exposure to sth   接触...

【例】prolonged exposure to harmful radiation 长时间接触有害辐射

2. 揭露

【例】exposure as a liar and a fraud 说谎者和骗子的面目被揭露

3. （在电视、报纸等上的）亮相，被报道

【例】Her new movie has had a lot of exposure in the media.

她的新片媒体有很多报道。

trigger   n. & v.

1. 作名词

（1）（枪械等的）扳机

【搭配】to pull/ squeeze the trigger   扣扳机

【例】A man pointed a gun at them and pulled the trigger.

一个男人用枪指着他们，扣动了扳机。

（2）（尤指引发不良反应或发展的）起因，诱因

【搭配】trigger (for sth); trigger (to sth/ to do sth)

【例】The trigger for the strike was the closure of yet another factory.

触发这次罢工的是另一家工厂的关闭。

2.作动词，发动；引起；触发

【搭配】trigger sth (off)

【例】Nuts can trigger off a violent allergic reaction.

坚果可以引起严重的过敏反应。

E-cigarette exposure may be particularly harmful for young adults--there are fears that it can harm brain development and trigger a lifelong addiction to nicotine.

接触电子烟对年轻人的危害尤为严重----有人担心它会损害大脑发育，最终导致尼古丁终身成瘾。

exposure   n.

1. 面临，遭受（危险或不快）

【搭配】exposure to sth   接触...

【例】prolonged exposure to harmful radiation 长时间接触有害辐射

2. 揭露

【例】exposure as a liar and a fraud 说谎者和骗子的面目被揭露

3. （在电视、报纸等上的）亮相，被报道

【例】Her new movie has had a lot of exposure in the media.

她的新片媒体有很多报道。

trigger   n. & v.

1. 作名词

（1）（枪械等的）扳机

【搭配】to pull/ squeeze the trigger   扣扳机

【例】A man pointed a gun at them and pulled the trigger.

一个男人用枪指着他们，扣动了扳机。

（2）（尤指引发不良反应或发展的）起因，诱因

【搭配】trigger (for sth); trigger (to sth/ to do sth)

【例】The trigger for the strike was the closure of yet another factory.

触发这次罢工的是另一家工厂的关闭。

2.作动词，发动；引起；触发

【搭配】trigger sth (off)

【例】Nuts can trigger off a violent allergic reaction.

坚果可以引起严重的过敏反应。

Thirty states tax e-cigarettes and all states ban sales to minors. One way to cut e-cigarette consumption is by imposing a tax.

目前有30个州对电子烟征税，所有州都明令禁止向未成年人兜售电子烟。其中一个降低电子烟销量的方法就是征税。

impose   v.

1. 强制推行，强制实行

（英文释义：to introduce a new law, rule, tax, etc.; to order that a rule, punishment, etc. be used）

【搭配】impose sth (on/ upon sth/ sb)

【例】to impose limitations/restrictions/constraints on sth 

强行限制／管制／约束某事物

A new tax was imposed on fuel.

当局开始对燃油征收一项新税。

2. 把（自己的观点、信仰等）强加于

（英文释义：If you impose your opinions or beliefs on other people, you try and make people accept them as a rule or as a model to copy.）

【例】Parents should beware of imposing their own tastes on their children.

父母应该提防把自己的兴趣强加给孩子。

A study by the Centre for Health Economics & Policy Studies at San Diego State University found that a $1 increase in e-cigarette taxes is associated with a 14-26% decrease in vaping among high-school pupils.

圣地亚哥州立大学健康经济与政策研究中心的一项研究发现，电子烟税每提高1美元，高中生的吸烟率就会下降14%-26%。

impose   v.

1. 强制推行，强制实行

（英文释义：to introduce a new law, rule, tax, etc.; to order that a rule, punishment, etc. be used）

【搭配】impose sth (on/ upon sth/ sb)

【例】to impose limitations/restrictions/constraints on sth 

强行限制／管制／约束某事物

A new tax was imposed on fuel.

当局开始对燃油征收一项新税。

2. 把（自己的观点、信仰等）强加于

（英文释义：If you impose your opinions or beliefs on other people, you try and make people accept them as a rule or as a model to copy.）

【例】Parents should beware of imposing their own tastes on their children.

父母应该提防把自己的兴趣强加给孩子。

Unexpectedly, the tax increase seems also to temper teenage alcohol consumption. One in ten teenagers reported binge drinking (four or more drinks for women, and five or more drinks for men, within a few hours at least once in the previous month).

出乎意料的是，电子烟增税似乎也能抑制青少年的酒精消费。十分之一的青少年在调查中承认酗酒（即过去一个月至少有一次在几个小时内，女性连续喝四杯或四杯以上，男性连续喝五杯或五杯以上）。

temper   n. & v.

1. 作名词

（1）心情；情绪；心境

【例】Come back when you're in a better temper.

心情好些时再回来。

【搭配】to be in a bad temper   心情不好、很坏等

lose your temper   发脾气

（2）暴躁的脾气

【搭配】a violent/ short temper   烈性子／急性子

【例】He had a temper and could be nasty.

他脾气暴躁，会令人讨厌。

His short temper had become notorious.

他的急性子已臭名远扬。

2. 作动词，使缓和；使温和

【搭配】temper sth (with sth)

【例】Justice must be tempered with mercy.

法外尚需施恩。

binge   n. & v.

1. 作名词，（短时间的）狂热行动，大吃大喝

（英文释义：a short period of time when sb does too much of a particular activity, especially eating or drinking alcohol）

【例】to go on a binge 饮酒作乐

One of the symptoms is binge eating . 症状之一是饮食无度。

2. 作动词，大吃大喝，狂欢作乐

【搭配】binge on sth

【例】When she's depressed she binges on chocolate.

她心情不好的时候就大嚼巧克力。

According to**** the study,**** a $1 increase in**** e-cigarette taxes is**** associated**** with**** a 10****-11****%**** reduction in**** teenage binge drinking****.**** Drinking**** and driving is**** especially**** deadly**** for young people****.****

根据这项研究，电子烟税每增加1美元，青少年的酗酒率就会减少10%-11%。酒后驾车对年轻人来说尤为致命。

Young adults**** (aged 16****-20****)**** who drink and drive are 17**** times more**** likely**** to**** die in**** a car accident****.**** The study found that**** increasing**** e-cigarette taxes reduces this****,**** too.****

酒后驾车的年轻人（16-20岁）死于车祸的可能性是其他普通人的17倍。研究发现，提高电子烟税也能减少这种情况。

A $1 rise in**** e-cigarette taxes brings**** a 10****-14****%**** decline in**** the number**** of**** alcohol-related traffic deaths**** per 100,000 among 16****-to****-20****-year****-olds****.****

电子烟税每提高1美元，16至20岁人群中每10万人与酒精有关的交通死亡人数就会下降10%-14%。

课后练习

• Which of the following is true about e-cigarettes?

  A. They provide a nicotine substitute for customers.

  B. They help people get rid of the habit of smoking.

  C. They are used by many teenagers in America.

  D. They become less available under strict regulations.

• How does e-cigarette exposure affect young adults?

  A. It makes them aware of the harm of cigarettes.

  B. It increases the risk of contracting lung diseases.

  C. It harms the brain and reduces their attention span.

  D. It gets them addicted to nicotine more quickly.

• A study by San Diego State University found that ____.

  A. taxing e-cigarettes could reduce vaping

  B. low taxes were more effective than high taxes

  C. FDA should increase e-cigarette taxes

  D. high-school students were price-conscious

• The unexpected results of taxing e-cigarettes include ____.

  A. more alcohol consumption by men than women

  B. weaker association between vaping and binge drinking

  C. fewer deaths caused by alcohol-related car accidents

  D. less violation of traffic regulations by teenagers