book plus blog logo
Published on

为什么人们难以理解气候风险(下)

Authors

设定适当保险价格的任务变得更加困难,因为,用经济学家的话来说,全球变暖既面临"风险",也面临"不确定性"。

为什么人们难以理解气候风险(下)

双语精读

The task of setting the appropriate price is made even more difficult by the fact that, in the language of economists, a warming world faces "uncertainty" as well as "risk".

设定适当保险价格的任务变得更加困难,因为,用经济学家的话来说,全球变暖既面临"风险",也面临"不确定性"。

John Maynard Keynes described uncertainty as a situation where there is "no scientific basis to form any calculable probability whatever". He gave the example of predicting the likelihood of a war in Europe or whether a new invention would become obsolete.

约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯将不确定性描述为"没有形成任何可计算概率的科学依据"。他举了两个例子:预测欧洲爆发战争的可能性,或者预测一项新发明是否会被淘汰。

Risk, by contrast, means situations where the relative probabilities are well known: picking a red ball from the first urn, for instance.

与之相反,风险表示相关的概率为人所知的情况:例如,从第一个缸中挑选一个红球。

When it comes to climate change, reality is not quite as bad as Keynes's framework suggests, since scientists can help resolve some sorts of uncertainty.

在气候变化这个问题上,现实并不像凯恩斯所描述的那样糟糕,因为科学家可以帮助解决某些不确定性。

This is particularly true of those forms labelled "internal uncertainty" by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, two behavioural economists, which relate to things known about the world, rather than unknowable future events.

对于"内部不确定性",情况尤其如此。"内部不确定性"是两位行为经济学家丹尼尔·卡尼曼和阿莫斯·特沃斯基提出的,这种不确定性与已知的世界有关,而不是与不可知的未来事件有关。

Unlike the models of economists, climate models are based on laws of physics that have made their mark on the planet, in fossils and Antarctic ice cores, for millennia. It is as if a scientist has observed the second urn for centuries, noting the number of black and red balls pulled out by different people over time.

与经济学家的模型不同,气候模型是以物理学定律为基础,这些定律数千年来在地球的化石和南极冰芯中留下了印记。这就像科学家几个世纪以来一直在观察第二个缸,记录下随着时间的推移,不同的人拿出的黑球和红球的数量。

With solid evidence and a clear understanding of the process by which the observations are generated, the ambiguity disappears and the probabilities of potential disasters become better understood.

有了确凿的证据和对产生观察结果的过程的清楚理解,模糊性就会消失,潜在灾难的可能性就会被更好地理解。

Natural-disaster reinsurance is typically based on models incorporating the latest science rather than historical statistics, since extreme events are by definition rare.

自然灾害再保险的模型通常包含最新科学,而不是历史统计数据,因为极端事件一定是罕见的。

For reinsurers, who ultimately care about their financial exposure, models must be kept up to date with the state of the built environment in vulnerable areas, which helps them calculate potential losses when paired with knowledge of environmental conditions that determine disasters.

对于再保险公司来说,他们最终关心的是自己的财务风险,模型必须掌握脆弱地区建筑环境的最新状态,结合关于决定气候灾难的环境状况的知识,这会有助于再保险公司计算潜在损失。

The former is generally more of a cause of uncertainty than the latter, since the science of climate change is well understood and data improve all the time. Premiums may be on the rise because of better knowledge, rather than continued ignorance.

脆弱地区建筑环境的状态通常比环境状况的知识更容易造成不确定性,因为人们对气候变化的科学已有很深的理解,而且数据也一直在改进。保险费上涨是因为知识增加,而不是因为持续的无知。

Yet even a perfect scientific model could not banish all uncertainty. Climate change involves the messy world of policy as well as the clarity of physics.

然而,即使是完美的科学模型也不能消除所有的不确定性。气候变化既涉及清晰的物理学,也涉及混乱的政策。

Scientists may be able to model how a planet that is 2°C warmer than in pre-industrial times increases the risk of wildfires in a particular area, but there is no model that can predict whether policymakers will pull the levers that are available to them to prevent such fires from happening.

科学家们或许能够建立模型,测算气温比工业化前的时代高出2摄氏度的地球,会如何增加某一特定地区发生野火的风险,但没有模型可以预测,政策制定者是否会动用他们可以使用的手段,来防止此类火灾的发生。

Imagine the economist running Ellsberg's experiment was taking and adding balls to the second urn depending on the outcome of some democratic process, international diplomacy or the whims of a dictator.

想象一下,进行埃尔斯伯格实验的经济学家根据民主程序、国际外交或独裁者的突发奇想,而在往第二个缸里拿出或放进一些球。

Policy can also prevent a proper accounting of risk. Californian regulations forbid insurers from using the latest climate models to set prices, since protection would become more costly. Premiums must be based on the average payout over the past 20 years, rather than the latest science.

政策还可能妨碍对风险的适当核算。加州的法规禁止保险公司使用最新的气候模型来制定价格,因为这样做保险费用会变得更高。保险费必须基于过去20年的平均保险偿付而定,而不是基于最新的科学成果。

Shying away from ambiguity is understandable. Sticking your head in the sand is plain foolish.

避免模糊性是可以理解的。而把头埋进沙子却纯属愚蠢。

词汇预习

  • financial [高考]

    美[faɪˈnænʃl] | 英[faɪˈnænʃl]

    adj. 金融的;财政的;[非正式]有钱的

  • particularly [高考]

    美[pərˈtɪkjələrli] | 英[pəˈtɪkjələli]

    adv. 特别;尤其;详细地

  • industrial [高考]

    美[ɪnˈdʌstriəl] | 英[ɪnˈdʌstriəl]

    adj. 工业的;产业的 n. 工业公司

  • contrast [高考]

    美[ˈkɑːntræst , kənˈtræst] | 英[ˈkɒntrɑːst , kənˈtrɑːst]

    n. 对比;差别;对照物 v. 对比;成对照 n. [计算机] 反差

  • definition [高考]

    美[ˌdefɪˈnɪʃn] | 英[ˌdefɪˈnɪʃn]

    n. 定义;阐释;清晰度

  • typically [高考]

    美[ˈtɪpɪkli] | 英[ˈtɪpɪkli]

    adv. 典型地;代表性地;通常,一般;不出所料地

  • understandable [高考]

    美[ˌʌndərˈstændəbl] | 英[ˌʌndəˈstændəbl]

    adj. 可理解的;能够懂的

  • uncertainty [高考]

    美[ʌnˈsɜːrtnti] | 英[ʌnˈsɜːtnti]

    n. 不确定;不可靠;易变

  • resolve [高考]

    美[rɪˈzɑːlv] | 英[rɪˈzɒlv]

    vt. 解决;决定;表决;分解 vi. 决定;分解 n. 决心;坚决

  • costly [高考]

    美[ˈkɔːstli] | 英[ˈkɒstli]

    adj. 昂贵的;代价高的

  • internal [高考]

    美[ɪnˈtɜːrnl] | 英[ɪnˈtɜːnl]

    adj. 国内的;内部的;身内的

  • exposure [高考]

    美[ɪkˈspoʊʒər] | 英[ɪkˈspəʊʒə(r)]

    n. 暴露;揭露;胶片;曝光时间;(在电视、报纸等媒体上的)亮相;挨冻

  • vulnerable [高考]

    美[ˈvʌlnərəbl] | 英[ˈvʌlnərəbl]

    adj. 易受伤害的;有弱点的;脆弱的

  • ultimately [高考]

    美[ˈʌltɪmətli] | 英[ˈʌltɪmətli]

    adv. 最后;最终

  • economist [高考]

    美[ɪˈkɑnəmɪst] | 英[ɪˈkɒnəmɪst]

    n. 经济学家;[古]节俭的人

  • probability [高考]

    美[ˌprɑːbəˈbɪləti] | 英[ˌprɒbəˈbɪləti]

    n. 可能性;【数】或然率;机率;【统计】概率,概率论

  • data [高考]

    美[ˈdeɪtə] | 英[ˈdeɪtə]

    n. 数据;资料

  • determine [高考]

    美[dɪˈtɜːrmɪn] | 英[dɪˈtɜːmɪn]

    v. 决定;决心;确定;测定

  • potential [高考]

    美[pəˈtenʃl] | 英[pəˈtenʃl]

    adj. 潜在的;可能的 n. 潜力;潜能 n. 电位;电势

  • evidence [高考]

    美[ˈevɪdəns] | 英[ˈevɪdəns]

    n. 证据;证词;根据;迹象 v. 证明;证实

  • former [高考]

    美[ˈfɔːrmər] | 英[ˈfɔːmə(r)]

    adj. 前者的;前任的;以前的 n. 创造者;[英]学校某一年级的学生

  • rare [高考]

    美[rer] | 英[reə(r)]

    adj. 罕见的;珍贵的;煎得嫩的

  • outcome [高考]

    美[ˈaʊtkʌm] | 英[ˈaʊtkʌm]

    n. 结果,成果,效果,结局

  • extreme [高考]

    美[ɪkˈstriːm] | 英[ɪkˈstriːm]

    adj. 极度的;极端的 n. 极端;极限

  • appropriate [高考]

    美[əˈproʊpriət , əˈproʊprieɪt] | 英[əˈprəʊpriət , əˈprəʊprieɪt]

    adj. 适当的;相称的 vt. 占用;拨出(款项)

  • Antarctic [高考]

    美[ænˈtɑːrktɪk] | 英[ænˈtɑːktɪk]

    adj. 南极的 n. (the A-)南极洲;南极圈

  • latter [高考]

    美[ˈlætər] | 英[ˈlætə(r)]

    adj. 后者的;后面的

  • framework [高考]

    美[ˈfreɪmwɜːrk] | 英[ˈfreɪmwɜːk]

    n. 框架;体系;结构

  • be based on [高考]

    美[bi beɪst ɑːn] | 英[bi beɪst ɒn]

    根据; 以 ... 为基准

  • on the rise [高考]

    美[ɑn ði raɪz] | 英[ɔn ðə raiz]

    在上涨; 在增长

  • means [高考]

    美[miːnz] | 英[miːnz]

    n. 方法;手段;收入;财产 v. 意思是,意味(动词mean的第三人称单数)

  • basis [高考]

    美[ˈbeɪsɪs] | 英[ˈbeɪsɪs]

    n. 基础;根据;基底

  • setting [高考]

    美[ˈsetɪŋ] | 英[ˈsetɪŋ]

    n. 背景;环境;镶嵌;安装;放置;(日月的)沉落;[音]乐曲

  • clarity [高考]

    美[ˈklærəti] | 英[ˈklærəti]

    n. 清楚;透明

  • diplomacy [高考]

    美[dɪˈploʊməsi] | 英[dɪˈpləʊməsi]

    n. 外交

  • where [高考]

    美[wer] | 英[weə(r)]

    adv. 在哪里;在那个地方 conj. 在 ... 地方

  • statistics [高考]

    美[stəˈtɪstɪks] | 英[stəˈtɪstɪks]

    n. 统计学;统计;统计数字

  • would [高考]

    美[wʊd , wəd] | 英[wʊd , wəd]

    aux. 将;可能;大概;总会;愿意;will的过去式

  • messy [高考]

    美[ˈmesi] | 英[ˈmesi]

    adj. 散乱的;污秽的;麻烦的

  • democratic [四级]

    美[ˌdeməˈkrætɪk] | 英[ˌdeməˈkrætɪk]

    adj. 民主的;民主党的;大众的

  • ignorance [四级]

    美[ˈɪɡnərəns] | 英[ˈɪɡnərəns]

    n. 无知;愚昧

  • likelihood [四级]

    美[ˈlaɪklihʊd] | 英[ˈlaɪklihʊd]

    n. 可能性

  • up to [四级]

    美[ʌp tu] | 英[ʌp tu]

    胜任;直到;多达;该由 ... 决定

  • to date [四级]

    美[tu det] | 英[tu: deit]

    到目前为止

  • up to date [四级]

    美[ʌp tu deɪt] | 英[ʌp tu deɪt]

    adj. 最近的;最新的

  • dictator [六级]

    美[ˈdɪkteɪtər] | 英[dɪkˈteɪtə(r)]

    n. 独裁者

  • based on [六级]

    美[best ɑn] | 英[beɪst ɔn]

    以 ... 为基础; 基于

  • obsolete [专四]

    美[ˌɑːbsəˈliːt] | 英[ˈɒbsəliːt]

    adj. 已废弃的;过时的

  • ambiguity [专四]

    美[ˌæmbɪˈɡjuːəti] | 英[ˌæmbɪˈɡjuːəti]

    n. 模棱两可;含糊不清

  • payout [专八]

    美[ˈpeˌaʊt] | 英[ˈpeɪaʊt]

    n. 支出;花费

  • banish [专八]

    美[ˈbænɪʃ] | 英[ˈbænɪʃ]

    vt. 驱逐;流放;消除

  • unknowable [考研]

    美[ʌnˈnoʊəbl] | 英[ʌnˈnəʊəbl]

    adj. 不可知的

  • on the average [考研]

    美[ɑn ði ˈævərɪdʒ] | 英[ɔn ðə ˈævəridʒ]

    平均; 一般说来

  • calculable [托福]

    美[ˈkælkjələbəl] | 英[ˈkælkjələbl]

    adj. 可计算的;可信赖的;可靠的

重点讲解

The task of setting the appropriate price is made even more difficult by the fact that, in the language of economists, a warming world faces "uncertainty" as well as "risk".

设定适当保险价格的任务变得更加困难,因为,用经济学家的话来说,全球变暖既面临"风险",也面临"不确定性"。

appropriate a. & v. 

1. 作形容词:合适的;恰当的

【例】Jeans are not appropriate for a formal party.

正式聚会上穿牛仔裤不合适。

2. 作动词

(1)盗用;挪用

【例】He is suspected of appropriating government funds.

他被怀疑挪用政府资金。

(2)拨(款)

【例】Five million dollars have been appropriated for research into the disease.

已拨款五百万美元用于这种疾病的研究。

John Maynard Keynes described uncertainty as a situation where there is "no scientific basis to form any calculable probability whatever". He gave the example of predicting the likelihood of a war in Europe or whether a new invention would become obsolete.

约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯将不确定性描述为"没有形成任何可计算概率的科学依据"。他举了两个例子:预测欧洲爆发战争的可能性,或者预测一项新发明是否会被淘汰。

obsolete a. 淘汰的;废弃的;过时的

【例】With technological changes many traditional skills have become obsolete.

随着技术的革新,许多传统技艺已被淘汰。

【拓展】 out of date 过时的;陈腐的

【例】Suddenly she felt old and out of date.

她猛然觉得自己老了,跟不上时代了。

Risk, by contrast, means situations where the relative probabilities are well known: picking a red ball from the first urn, for instance.

与之相反,风险表示相关的概率为人所知的情况:例如,从第一个缸中挑选一个红球。

obsolete a. 淘汰的;废弃的;过时的

【例】With technological changes many traditional skills have become obsolete.

随着技术的革新,许多传统技艺已被淘汰。

【拓展】 out of date 过时的;陈腐的

【例】Suddenly she felt old and out of date.

她猛然觉得自己老了,跟不上时代了。

When it comes to climate change, reality is not quite as bad as Keynes's framework suggests, since scientists can help resolve some sorts of uncertainty.

在气候变化这个问题上,现实并不像凯恩斯所描述的那样糟糕,因为科学家可以帮助解决某些不确定性。

when it comes to 当涉及某事(或做某事)时

【例】When it comes to getting things done, he's useless.

一涉及做事,他便不中用了。

This is particularly true of those forms labelled "internal uncertainty" by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, two behavioural economists, which relate to things known about the world, rather than unknowable future events.

对于"内部不确定性",情况尤其如此。"内部不确定性"是两位行为经济学家丹尼尔·卡尼曼和阿莫斯·特沃斯基提出的,这种不确定性与已知的世界有关,而不是与不可知的未来事件有关。

when it comes to 当涉及某事(或做某事)时

【例】When it comes to getting things done, he's useless.

一涉及做事,他便不中用了。

Unlike the models of economists, climate models are based on laws of physics that have made their mark on the planet, in fossils and Antarctic ice cores, for millennia. It is as if a scientist has observed the second urn for centuries, noting the number of black and red balls pulled out by different people over time.

与经济学家的模型不同,气候模型是以物理学定律为基础,这些定律数千年来在地球的化石和南极冰芯中留下了印记。这就像科学家几个世纪以来一直在观察第二个缸,记录下随着时间的推移,不同的人拿出的黑球和红球的数量。

when it comes to 当涉及某事(或做某事)时

【例】When it comes to getting things done, he's useless.

一涉及做事,他便不中用了。

With solid evidence and a clear understanding of the process by which the observations are generated, the ambiguity disappears and the probabilities of potential disasters become better understood.

有了确凿的证据和对产生观察结果的过程的清楚理解,模糊性就会消失,潜在灾难的可能性就会被更好地理解。

solid a. & n.

1. 作形容词

(1)固体的;坚硬的

【例】She had refused all solid food.

所有的固体食物她都不肯吃。

(2)结实的;坚固的

【例】These chains seem fairly solid.

这些链子看着挺结实。

(3)可靠的;坚实的

【例】As yet, they have no solid evidence.

他们至今没有任何可靠的证据。

2. 作名词:固体

【例】liquids and solids 液体与固体

Natural-disaster reinsurance is typically based on models incorporating the latest science rather than historical statistics, since extreme events are by definition rare.

自然灾害再保险的模型通常包含最新科学,而不是历史统计数据,因为极端事件一定是罕见的。

incorporate v. 

1. 将…包括在内;包含

【例】Many of your suggestions have been incorporated in the plan.

你的很多建议已纳入计划中。

2. 注册成立

【例】The company was incorporated in 2008.

这家公司成立于 2008 年。

by definition 

1. 按照定义,顾名思义

【例】Neighbours by definition live close by.

顾名思义,“邻居” 住在邻近的地方。

2. 必然(有某种品质,因为同类事物全都有这种品质)

【例】People say that students are by definition idealistic and impatient.

人们说学生必定是理想主义的、躁动不安的。

For reinsurers, who ultimately care about their financial exposure, models must be kept up to date with the state of the built environment in vulnerable areas, which helps them calculate potential losses when paired with knowledge of environmental conditions that determine disasters.

对于再保险公司来说,他们最终关心的是自己的财务风险,模型必须掌握脆弱地区建筑环境的最新状态,结合关于决定气候灾难的环境状况的知识,这会有助于再保险公司计算潜在损失。

up to date

1. 最新的;时髦的

【例】up-to-date equipment 最新的设备

2. 拥有(或包含)最新信息的

【例】We are keeping up to date with the latest developments.

我们时刻留意最新的发展情况。

The former is generally more of a cause of uncertainty than the latter, since the science of climate change is well understood and data improve all the time. Premiums may be on the rise because of better knowledge, rather than continued ignorance.

脆弱地区建筑环境的状态通常比环境状况的知识更容易造成不确定性,因为人们对气候变化的科学已有很深的理解,而且数据也一直在改进。保险费上涨是因为知识增加,而不是因为持续的无知。

banish v.

1. 流放;把(某人)驱逐出境

【例】He was banished to Australia, where he died five years later.

他被流放到澳大利亚,五年后在那里去世。

2. 赶走;驱除

【例】The sight of food banished all other thoughts from my mind.

看到吃的,我别的什么都忘记了。

Yet even a perfect scientific model could not banish all uncertainty. Climate change involves the messy world of policy as well as the clarity of physics.

然而,即使是完美的科学模型也不能消除所有的不确定性。气候变化既涉及清晰的物理学,也涉及混乱的政策。

banish v.

1. 流放;把(某人)驱逐出境

【例】He was banished to Australia, where he died five years later.

他被流放到澳大利亚,五年后在那里去世。

2. 赶走;驱除

【例】The sight of food banished all other thoughts from my mind.

看到吃的,我别的什么都忘记了。

Scientists may be able to model how a planet that is 2°C warmer than in pre-industrial times increases the risk of wildfires in a particular area, but there is no model that can predict whether policymakers will pull the levers that are available to them to prevent such fires from happening.

科学家们或许能够建立模型,测算气温比工业化前的时代高出2摄氏度的地球,会如何增加某一特定地区发生野火的风险,但没有模型可以预测,政策制定者是否会动用他们可以使用的手段,来防止此类火灾的发生。

lever n. & v.

1. 作名词

(1)操纵杆;杠杆

【例】Pull the lever towards you to adjust the speed.

把操纵杆往你身前拉动以调节速度。

(2)(影响局势的)方法,手段

【例】Rich countries use foreign aid as a lever to achieve political aims.

富国利用对外援助作为达到政治目的的手段。

2. 作动词:(用杠杆)撬动

【例】They managed to lever the door open.

他们设法撬开了门。

Imagine the economist running Ellsberg's experiment was taking and adding balls to the second urn depending on the outcome of some democratic process, international diplomacy or the whims of a dictator.

想象一下,进行埃尔斯伯格实验的经济学家根据民主程序、国际外交或独裁者的突发奇想,而在往第二个缸里拿出或放进一些球。

lever n. & v.

1. 作名词

(1)操纵杆;杠杆

【例】Pull the lever towards you to adjust the speed.

把操纵杆往你身前拉动以调节速度。

(2)(影响局势的)方法,手段

【例】Rich countries use foreign aid as a lever to achieve political aims.

富国利用对外援助作为达到政治目的的手段。

2. 作动词:(用杠杆)撬动

【例】They managed to lever the door open.

他们设法撬开了门。

Policy can also prevent a proper accounting of risk. Californian regulations forbid insurers from using the latest climate models to set prices, since protection would become more costly. Premiums must be based on the average payout over the past 20 years, rather than the latest science.

政策还可能妨碍对风险的适当核算。加州的法规禁止保险公司使用最新的气候模型来制定价格,因为这样做保险费用会变得更高。保险费必须基于过去20年的平均保险偿付而定,而不是基于最新的科学成果。

shy away  回避;躲避

【例】The newspapers have shied away from investigating the story.

各家报纸纷纷退避,不敢调查详情。

plain a. & n. & ad.

1. 作形容词

(1)清楚的;明显的

【例】The facts were plain to see.

事实显而易见。

(2)朴素的;简单的

【例】a plain but elegant dress 朴素淡雅的连衣裙

(3)极普通的;平凡的

【例】You don't need any special skills for this job, just plain common sense.

这项工作不需要任何特殊技能,只要有普通常识就够了。

2. 作名词:平原

【例】the Great Plains 北美洲大平原

3. 作副词:(用于强调)简直,绝对地

【例】It’s just plain crazy to spend all your pay as soon as you get it.

薪水一拿到手就花光,你简直是疯了。

Shying away from ambiguity is understandable. Sticking your head in the sand is plain foolish.

避免模糊性是可以理解的。而把头埋进沙子却纯属愚蠢。

shy away  回避;躲避

【例】The newspapers have shied away from investigating the story.

各家报纸纷纷退避,不敢调查详情。

plain a. & n. & ad.

1. 作形容词

(1)清楚的;明显的

【例】The facts were plain to see.

事实显而易见。

(2)朴素的;简单的

【例】a plain but elegant dress 朴素淡雅的连衣裙

(3)极普通的;平凡的

【例】You don't need any special skills for this job, just plain common sense.

这项工作不需要任何特殊技能,只要有普通常识就够了。

2. 作名词:平原

【例】the Great Plains 北美洲大平原

3. 作副词:(用于强调)简直,绝对地

【例】It’s just plain crazy to spend all your pay as soon as you get it.

薪水一拿到手就花光,你简直是疯了。

课后练习

  • What can be learned about the uncertainty of climate change?

    A. It increases the probability of war.

    B. It makes the probability of risks well known.

    C. It can be partly resolved through climate models.

    D. It has changed constantly over the years.

  • Premiums may be on the rise because ____.

    A. extreme climate events occur more frequently

    B. reinsurers are well informed of the greater risks

    C. it is increasingly difficult to predict natural disasters

    D. climate models lack the latest data about environment

  • The uncertainty in a model may come from ____.

    A. the miscalculation of temperature increases

    B. the imperfection of scientific research

    C. the unpredictable behavior of policymakers

    D. the unreliable outcome of disaster prevention

  • What does the author think about Californian regulations?

    A. They benefit inhabitants by reducing premiums.

    B. They help improve the accounting of risks.

    C. They may blind people to the real risk.

    D. They overestimate the impact of ambiguity.