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儿童网红赚的钱应该归谁(上)
- Authors
1938年，23岁的库根得知，他的母亲和继父花掉了他作为童星赚来的数百万美元。库根起诉了母亲并胜诉。
双语精读
By now, the story of Britney Spears's conservatorship and its eventual unraveling is well known: For years, Ms. Spears was trapped in a legal situation in which most of the money she earned went to her father, who controlled not only her finances, but things like her medication, her performance schedule and more.
到目前为止，布兰妮·斯皮尔斯的监护权及监护权最终被终止的故事已经广为人知：多年来，斯皮尔斯一直深陷一个法律困境，她赚的大部分钱都归她父亲所有，她父亲不仅控制着她的财产，还控制着她的药物、表演日程等等。
Ms. Spears's story spurred an examination of conservatorship laws, and that may have helped prompt recent assessments of the protections - or lack thereof - available to child influencers.
斯皮尔斯的故事引发了对监护权法律的审查，这可能对最近评估儿童网络明星所享有的保护--或保护缺失--起到了促进作用。
Like their adult counterparts (and often their parents), these influencers sing, dance, cook, act and recite lines; they work with major brands, like Walmart and Staples; and they earn money through sponsored posts on their social media accounts.
这些儿童网红像成年网红(以及他们的父母)一样，他们唱歌、跳舞、做饭、表演和背诵台词，他们与沃尔玛和史泰博等大品牌合作，通过社交媒体账号上的商务软广帖子赚钱。
Yet in nearly all of the United States, these workers have no legal protections and no guarantees that they will ever see any of the money that they have earned. If this has parallels with Ms. Spears's conservatorship, its roots stretch back nearly a century.
然而，在几乎整个美国，这些儿童劳工没有法律保护，也不能保证他们能看到自己赚到的钱。这种现象或许与斯皮尔斯的监护权案件类似，实际上其根源可以追溯到近一个世纪以前。
In 1938, a 23-year-old named Jackie Coogan, who had starred in Charlie Chaplin's "The Kid" as a toddler, learned that his mother and his stepfather had spent the millions of dollars he had earned as a child star. He sued and won, and in response, California passed a bill in 1939, commonly referred to as the Coogan Law, to protect children in similar roles.
杰基·库根曾在查理·卓别林的《寻子遇仙记》中饰演一个小孩。1938年，23岁的库根得知，他的母亲和继父花掉了他作为童星赚来的数百万美元。库根起诉了母亲并胜诉，作为回应，加利福尼亚州在1939年通过了一项法案，通常被称为“库根法”，旨在保护情况类似的儿童。
Today, a revised version of the law requires that 15 percent of a child entertainer's earnings go into a trust. A few other states have their own versions of California's law, but barring one exception, these laws do not extend to children who are making their names on Instagram, TikTok, YouTube or any of the other major social media platforms.
如今，修订后的法律要求将儿童艺人收入的15%投入信托基金。其他几个州也出台了类似的法律，但有一个例外：这些法律不适用于在Instagram、TikTok、YouTube或其他主要社交媒体平台上出名的儿童。
Even if child influencers produce their own content and are not managed by their parents, they are at risk of being exploited by adults in their lives.
即使儿童网红自己创作内容，不受父母的管理，他们也面临着在生活中被成年人剥削的风险。
On popular social media websites, children under 13 cannot run their own accounts; parents have to open and manage them. And in most states children cannot open a bank account independently until they are 17.
在一些流行的社交媒体网站上，13岁以下的儿童不能运营自己的账户，这些账户必须由父母建立和管理。在大多数州，年满17岁才能在银行开独立的账户。
Now, politicians are starting to catch up, motivated in part by civic-minded teenagers who have watched as popular family vloggers like Machelle Hobson and Ruby Franke have been exposed for abusing and exploiting their children, mostly behind the scenes, but sometimes on camera.
现在，政策方面也开始追上这些变化，部分原因是受到有公民意识的青少年的推动，这些青少年看到马谢尔·霍布森和鲁比·弗兰克等人气很高的家庭博主被曝光虐待和剥削自己的孩子，这些虐待行为大多发生在幕后，但有时也会展现在镜头前。
词汇预习
response [高考]
美[rɪˈspɑːns] | 英[rɪˈspɒns]
n. 反应；回答；响应；答复
extend [高考]
美[ɪkˈstend] | 英[ɪkˈstend]
v. 延伸；延长；伸展；扩展；提供；使竭尽全力
commonly [高考]
美[ˈkɑmənli] | 英[ˈkɒmənli]
adv. 一般地；通常地；普通地
stretch [高考]
美[stretʃ] | 英[stretʃ]
v. 伸展；延伸；伸出；舒展 n. 伸展；弹性；舒展；一片 adj.有弹力的
medication [高考]
美[ˌmedɪˈkeɪʃn] | 英[ˌmedɪˈkeɪʃn]
n. 药物治疗；药物；医药
exception [高考]
美[ɪkˈsepʃn] | 英[ɪkˈsepʃn]
n. 例外；不合规则；反对；[律]异议
entertainer [高考]
美[ˌentərˈteɪnə(r)] | 英[ˌentəˈteɪnə(r)]
n. 演艺人员，表演者；款待者
lack [高考]
美[læk] | 英[læk]
n. 缺乏；无 v. 缺乏；不足
media [高考]
美[ˈmiːdiə] | 英[ˈmiːdiə]
n. 传播媒介；(medium的复数)媒体；新闻媒介
Ms. [高考]
美[mɪz] | 英[mɪz]
n. 女士，小姐
legal [高考]
美[ˈliːɡl] | 英[ˈliːɡl]
adj. 法定的；法律的；合法的
in part [高考]
美[ɪn pɑːrt] | 英[ɪn pɑːt]
部分地
in response [高考]
美[ɪn rɪˈspɑns] | 英[in riˈspɔns]
作为回答
prompt [四级]
美[prɑːmpt] | 英[prɒmpt]
v. 促使，导致；鼓励，提示（说话者）；（计算机上）提示；（给演员）提词，提白 adj. 迅速的，立刻的；（人）利索的，敏捷的；及时的，准时的；（商品）即期要送的，即期要付的 n.（给演员的）提词；（计算机屏幕上显示准备接受指令的）提示； 鼓励，催促；（付款通知单上的）付款期限 adv.准时地
independently [四级]
美[ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəntlɪ] | 英[ˌɪndɪ'pendəntlɪ]
adv. 独立地；自立地
earnings [四级]
美[ˈɜːrnɪŋz] | 英[ˈɜːnɪŋz]
n. 收入；利润
learned [四级]
美[lɜːrnd , ˈlɜːrnɪd] | 英[lɜːnd , ˈlɜːnɪd]
adj. 有学问的；博学的
thereof [六级]
美[ˌðerˈɑv] | 英[ˌðeərˈɒv]
adv. 由此；其；关于它的
catch up [六级]
美[kætʃ ʌp] | 英[kætʃ ʌp]
赶上；很快拾起；缠住；了解近况，叙旧
extend to [六级]
美 | 英
延伸到，扩大至
重点讲解
By now, the story of Britney Spears’s conservatorship and its eventual unraveling is well known: For years, Ms. Spears was trapped in a legal situation in which most of the money she earned went to her father, who controlled not only her finances, but things like her medication, her performance schedule and more.
到目前为止，布兰妮·斯皮尔斯的监护权及监护权最终被终止的故事已经广为人知：多年来，斯皮尔斯一直深陷一个法律困境，她赚的大部分钱都归她父亲所有，她父亲不仅控制着她的财产，还控制着她的药物、表演日程等等。
unravel v.
1. 解体；崩溃
【例】His frequent absences from home caused his marriage to unravel.
他常常不在家，最终导致他的婚姻破裂。
【近义词】break apart 破裂；崩溃
2. 阐释；澄清
【例】to unravel a mystery/problem 解开谜题/解决问题
spur v. 刺激；激励
【例】The huge new factory spurred economic growth in the entire region.
这家新建的大型工厂刺激了整个地区的经济发展。
【近义词】boost/motivate v. 激励；增强
prompt v. & adj.
1. 作动词：促使；导致
【例】to prompt an angry outburst/prompt him to tell the truth
激起一腔怒火/促使他说出真相
【近义词】cause/provoke v. 导致；激起；引发
2. 作形容词：及时的；立即的
【例】We'll give you a prompt yes or no on whatever you require.
无论你提什么要求, 我们都会迅速给出答复。
Ms. Spears’s story spurred an examination of conservatorship laws, and that may have helped prompt recent assessments of the protections — or lack thereof — available to child influencers.
斯皮尔斯的故事引发了对监护权法律的审查，这可能对最近评估儿童网络明星所享有的保护--或保护缺失--起到了促进作用。
unravel v.
1. 解体；崩溃
【例】His frequent absences from home caused his marriage to unravel.
他常常不在家，最终导致他的婚姻破裂。
【近义词】break apart 破裂；崩溃
2. 阐释；澄清
【例】to unravel a mystery/problem 解开谜题/解决问题
spur v. 刺激；激励
【例】The huge new factory spurred economic growth in the entire region.
这家新建的大型工厂刺激了整个地区的经济发展。
【近义词】boost/motivate v. 激励；增强
prompt v. & adj.
1. 作动词：促使；导致
【例】to prompt an angry outburst/prompt him to tell the truth
激起一腔怒火/促使他说出真相
【近义词】cause/provoke v. 导致；激起；引发
2. 作形容词：及时的；立即的
【例】We'll give you a prompt yes or no on whatever you require.
无论你提什么要求, 我们都会迅速给出答复。
Like their adult counterparts (and often their parents), these influencers sing, dance, cook, act and recite lines; they work with major brands, like Walmart and Staples; and they earn money through sponsored posts on their social media accounts.
这些儿童网红像成年网红(以及他们的父母)一样，他们唱歌、跳舞、做饭、表演和背诵台词，他们与沃尔玛和史泰博等大品牌合作，通过社交媒体账号上的商务软广帖子赚钱。
recite v.
1. 背诵；朗诵
【例】to recite a poem 背诵一首诗
【拓展】cite v. 引用原文
2. 口头列举；讲述
【例】to recite a list of all the kings 一一说出所有国王的名字
parallel n. & v.
1. 作名词：（不同时间或地点）相似的情况
【例】There are some parallels between Mid-Autumn Festival and the Thanksgiving.
中秋节和感恩节之间有一些相似的地方。
【搭配】without parallel/draw a parallel between/in parallel with
无可匹敌/找到……之间的相似点/与……同时发生
【近义词】equivalent n. 相同的情况；等同事物
2. 作动词：与……相似/同时发生
【例】The rise in unemployment is paralleled by an increase in petty crime.
在失业率上升的同时，轻度犯罪也跟着增长。
【拓展】unparalleled adj. 无双的；空前的
Yet in nearly all of the United States, these workers have no legal protections and no guarantees that they will ever see any of the money that they have earned. If this has parallels with Ms. Spears’s conservatorship, its roots stretch back nearly a century.
然而，在几乎整个美国，这些儿童劳工没有法律保护，也不能保证他们能看到自己赚到的钱。这种现象或许与斯皮尔斯的监护权案件类似，实际上其根源可以追溯到近一个世纪以前。
recite v.
1. 背诵；朗诵
【例】to recite a poem 背诵一首诗
【拓展】cite v. 引用原文
2. 口头列举；讲述
【例】to recite a list of all the kings 一一说出所有国王的名字
parallel n. & v.
1. 作名词：（不同时间或地点）相似的情况
【例】There are some parallels between Mid-Autumn Festival and the Thanksgiving.
中秋节和感恩节之间有一些相似的地方。
【搭配】without parallel/draw a parallel between/in parallel with
无可匹敌/找到……之间的相似点/与……同时发生
【近义词】equivalent n. 相同的情况；等同事物
2. 作动词：与……相似/同时发生
【例】The rise in unemployment is paralleled by an increase in petty crime.
在失业率上升的同时，轻度犯罪也跟着增长。
【拓展】unparalleled adj. 无双的；空前的
In 1938, a 23-year-old named Jackie Coogan, who had starred in Charlie Chaplin’s “The Kid” as a toddler, learned that his mother and his stepfather had spent the millions of dollars he had earned as a child star. He sued and won, and in response, California passed a bill in 1939, commonly referred to as the Coogan Law, to protect children in similar roles.
杰基·库根曾在查理·卓别林的《寻子遇仙记》中饰演一个小孩。1938年，23岁的库根得知，他的母亲和继父花掉了他作为童星赚来的数百万美元。库根起诉了母亲并胜诉，作为回应，加利福尼亚州在1939年通过了一项法案，通常被称为“库根法”，旨在保护情况类似的儿童。
refer to
1. 称为；指称
【例】She always referred to Ben as “that nice man”.
她总是称本为“那个大好人”。
2. 查阅；参考
【例】refer to the notes 查阅笔记
【拓展】for future reference 方便以后查阅
3. 转交；转诊
【例】My doctor referred me to a specialist.
我的医生让我去找一位专家诊治。
【拓展】reference n. （换工作时）推荐信，介绍信
Today, a revised version of the law requires that 15 percent of a child entertainer’s earnings go into a trust. A few other states have their own versions of California’s law, but barring one exception, these laws do not extend to children who are making their names on Instagram, TikTok, YouTube or any of the other major social media platforms.
如今，修订后的法律要求将儿童艺人收入的15%投入信托基金。其他几个州也出台了类似的法律，但有一个例外：这些法律不适用于在Instagram、TikTok、YouTube或其他主要社交媒体平台上出名的儿童。
bar v. & prep.
1. 作动词：阻挡；阻止
【例】Two police officers were barring her exit.
两名警察挡着她的出路。
【搭配】bar sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事
【近义词】ban/prevent v. 阻止
2. 作介词：除……以外
【例】The students all attended, bar two who were ill.
除了两人生病，所有的学生都到了。
【近义词】barring/except prep. 除了；除非
extend to 适用于；包括
【例】The offer does not extend to employees' partners.
这项优惠不适用于雇员的伴侣。
Even if child influencers produce their own content and are not managed by their parents, they are at risk of being exploited by adults in their lives.
即使儿童网红自己创作内容，不受父母的管理，他们也面临着在生活中被成年人剥削的风险。
exploit v.
1. （贬义）利用；剥削
【例】She realized that her youth and inexperience were being exploited.
她意识到自己的年轻和缺乏经验正受人利用。
【近义词】take advantage of 利用；占便宜
2. （中性）运用；发挥
【例】Their talents might be exploited to the full.
他们的才能可以得到充分的发挥。
【近义词】capitalize on/utilize v. 发挥效用
On popular social media websites, children under 13 cannot run their own accounts; parents have to open and manage them. And in most states children cannot open a bank account independently until they are 17.
在一些流行的社交媒体网站上，13岁以下的儿童不能运营自己的账户，这些账户必须由父母建立和管理。在大多数州，年满17岁才能在银行开独立的账户。
exploit v.
1. （贬义）利用；剥削
【例】She realized that her youth and inexperience were being exploited.
她意识到自己的年轻和缺乏经验正受人利用。
【近义词】take advantage of 利用；占便宜
2. （中性）运用；发挥
【例】Their talents might be exploited to the full.
他们的才能可以得到充分的发挥。
【近义词】capitalize on/utilize v. 发挥效用
Now, politicians are starting to catch up, motivated in part by civic-minded teenagers who have watched as popular family vloggers like Machelle Hobson and Ruby Franke have been exposed for abusing and exploiting their children, mostly behind the scenes, but sometimes on camera.
现在，政策方面也开始追上这些变化，部分原因是受到有公民意识的青少年的推动，这些青少年看到马谢尔·霍布森和鲁比·弗兰克等人气很高的家庭博主被曝光虐待和剥削自己的孩子，这些虐待行为大多发生在幕后，但有时也会展现在镜头前。
expose v.
1. 显露；揭露
【例】to expose the truth/fears 揭露真相/显露恐惧
【近义词】reveal v. 揭示；显露
2. 揭穿；曝光
【例】She was exposed as a liar.
她的骗子面目被揭穿了。
3. 使接触；使面临
【例】be exposed to the sunlight/foreign culture
暴露在阳光下/接触外国文化
课后练习
The example of Britney Spears shows that ____.
A. people are interested in the scandals of celebrities
B. some stars break up with their family after gaining fame
C. the conservatorship law may fail to offer protection
D. the conflict between parents and children is common
What risk do child influencers face?
A. They are forced to work and perform for long hours.
B. They earn much less money than their adult counterparts.
C. They are employed by big companies and earn very little.
D. They have no control over the money they have earned.
What can be learned about the Coogan Law?
A. Jackie Coogan was compensated according to this law.
B. It requires that 15 percent of the earnings go to the parents.
C. It does not apply to child entertainers on online platforms.
D. Only California has the law to protect child entertainers.
What are politicians doing to protect child influencers?
A. They are lifting the age restrictions in banks.
B. They are improving the related laws.
C. They are punishing the behavior of child abuse.
D. They are banning children from being content creators.