为什么零食一吃就停不下来(下)

2014年，巴西政府采取了激进措施，建议公民彻底避免食用超加工食品。

双语精读

Evidence now suggests that diets heavy in UPFs can cause overeating and obesity. Consumers may blame themselves for over-indulging in these foods, but what if it is in the nature of these products to be overeaten?

现在有证据表明，超加工食品含量过多的饮食结构会导致暴饮暴食和肥胖症。消费者可能会责怪自己过度沉迷于超加工食品，但如果这些产品本身就是会让人们过量食用呢?

In 2014, the Brazilian government took the radical step of advising its citizens to avoid UPFs outright.

2014年，巴西政府采取了激进措施，建议公民彻底避免食用超加工食品。

The country was acting out of a sense of urgency, because the number of young Brazilian adults with obesity had risen so far and so fast, more than doubling between 2002 and 2013 (from 7.5% of the population to 17.5%).

巴西之所以采取行动是出于一种紧迫感，因为巴西肥胖年轻人的数量涨幅如此之大、上升得如此之快，在2002年至2013年间增加了一倍多(从人口的7.5%增加到17.5%)。

These radical new guidelines urged Brazilians to avoid snacking, and to make time for wholesome food in their lives, to eat regular meals in company when possible, to learn how to cook and to teach children to be "wary of all forms of food advertising".

这些激进的新指导原则敦促巴西人不要吃零食，在生活中抽出时间吃健康的食物，尽可能规律饮食并与他人一起用餐，学会做饭，并教育孩子“警惕各种形式的食品广告”。

The biggest departure in the Brazilian guidelines was to treat food processing as the single most important issue in public health.

巴西指导原则中最大的不同是将食品加工视为公共卫生中最重要的一个问题。

This new set of rules framed unhealthy food less in terms of the nutrients it contains (fats, carbohydrates etc) and more by the degree to which it is processed (preserved, emulsified, sweetened etc).

这套新规定对不健康食品的界定不是依据其所含的营养成分(脂肪、碳水化合物等)，更多的是依据食品的加工程度(腌制、乳化、增甜等)。

No government diet guidelines had ever categorised foods this way before. One of the first rules in the Brazilian guidelines was to "avoid consumption of ultra-processed products".

在此之前，政府的饮食指导原则从未对食物进行过这样的分类。巴西指导原则的第一条规定是“避免食用超加工产品”。

They condemned at a stroke not just fast foods or sugary snacks, but also many foods which have been reformulated to seem health-giving, from "lite" margarines to vitamin-fortified breakfast cereals.

指导原则一次性否定的不仅是快餐和含糖零食，还有许多经过重新配方后看起来有益健康的食品，比如“低热量”人造黄油和添加维生素的加强版早餐麦片等等。

From a British perspective -- where the official NHS Eatwell guide still classifies low-fat margarines and packaged cereals as "healthier" options -- it looks extreme to warn consumers off all ultra-processed foods (what, even Heinz tomato soup?).

从英国的角度来看----英国国家医疗服务体系的健康饮食指南仍将低脂人造黄油和包装的麦片归类为“更健康”的选择----警告消费者远离所有超加工食品(什么，亨氏番茄汤罐头也不行?)是一种有些极端的做法。

But there is evidence to back up the Brazilian position. Over the past decade, large-scale studies from France, Brazil, the US and Spain have suggested that high consumption of UPFs is associated with higher rates of obesity.

不过，有一些证据为了巴西的做法提供了证明。在过去十年中，法国、巴西、美国和西班牙的大规模研究表明，大量摄入超加工食品与较高的肥胖率有关。

词汇预习

• issue [高考]

  美[ˈɪʃuː] | 英[ˈɪʃuː]

  n. 问题，议题，争论点；（报纸、杂志等的）期刊号；发放，分配；（新股票或邮票等的）发行；子女，后嗣；流出，发出 v. 发表，颁布；分发，分配；正式发行；流出，发出；由……产生，由…得出

• consumption [高考]

  美[kənˈsʌmpʃn] | 英[kənˈsʌmpʃn]

  n. 消费；消耗；肺痨

• scale [高考]

  美[skeɪl] | 英[skeɪl]

  n. 等级，规模；刻度；音阶；量程；天枰 v. 攀登；到达…顶点；去鳞

• perspective [高考]

  美[pərˈspektɪv] | 英[pəˈspektɪv]

  n. 视角，观点；远景；景观；透视法 adj.(按照)透视画法的；透视的

• stroke [高考]

  美[stroʊk] | 英[strəʊk]

  n. 中风；笔画；钟声；抚摩 v. 抚摩（动物的毛皮）；轻抚；轻挪；轻触

• obesity [高考]

  美[oʊˈbisəti] | 英[əʊˈbiːsɪti]

  n. 肥胖；肥大

• urgency [高考]

  美[ˈɜrdʒənsi] | 英[ˈɜːdʒənsi]

  n. 紧急(的事)

• decade [高考]

  美[ˈdekeɪd] | 英[ˈdekeɪd]

  n. 十年，十年间，十年期（尤指一个年代)

• evidence [高考]

  美[ˈevɪdəns] | 英[ˈevɪdəns]

  n. 证据；证词；根据；迹象 v. 证明；证实

• extreme [高考]

  美[ɪkˈstriːm] | 英[ɪkˈstriːm]

  adj. 极度的；极端的 n. 极端；极限

• departure [高考]

  美[dɪˈpɑːrtʃər] | 英[dɪˈpɑːtʃə(r)]

  n. 出发；离开；分歧；新的尝试

• in terms of [高考]

  美[ɪn tɜːrmz əv] | 英[ɪn tɜːmz əv]

  就 ... 而言；在 ... 方面

• what if [高考]

  美[hwɑt ɪf] | 英[hwɔt if]

  如果 ... 将会怎么样

• where [高考]

  美[wer] | 英[weə(r)]

  adv. 在哪里；在那个地方 conj. 在 ... 地方

• etc. [四级]

  美[ɛt 'sɛtərə] | 英[ˌet ˈsetərə]

  et cetra(=and so on) 等等，及其他

• radical [四级]

  美[ˈrædɪkl] | 英[ˈrædɪkl]

  adj.激进的；彻底的；基本的 n.自由基；激进分子；游离基

• large-scale [四级]

  美[ˈlɑrdʒˈskel] | 英[lɑ:dʒ skeɪl]

  adj. 大规模的；大比例尺的；大范围的

• sugary [四级]

  美[ˈʃʊɡəri] | 英[ˈʃʊɡəri]

  adj. 含糖的；甜的；甜言蜜语的

• back up [四级]

  美[bæk ʌp] | 英[bæk ʌp]

  vi. (因积聚而)拥堵；堵塞 vt. 支持；援助；倒退；（资料）备份

• advertising [四级]

  美[ˈædvərtaɪzɪŋ] | 英[ˈædvətaɪzɪŋ]

  n. 广告；广告业

• etc [六级]

  美[et ˈset(ə)rə] | 英[ˌet ˈsetərə]

  abbr. 及其他；等等(=Et cetera) abbr. 流出物处理元件 (= effluent treatment cell)

• wholesome [六级]

  美[ˈhoʊlsəm] | 英[ˈhəʊlsəm]

  adj. 有益健康的；合乎卫生的

• out of [六级]

  美[aʊt ʌv] | 英[aut ɔv]

  prep. 离…一段距离；从…里；离开 ...；出于

• in the nature of [六级]

  美[ɪn ði ˈnetʃɚ ʌv] | 英[in ðə ˈneitʃə ɔv]

  adj. 本质的

• wary [六级]

  美[ˈweri] | 英[ˈweəri]

  adj. 小心的；机警的

• outright [专八]

  美[ˈaʊtraɪt] | 英[ˈaʊtraɪt]

  adj. 直率的；完全的；彻底的 adv. 率直地；立刻地；彻底地

• terms [雅思]

  美[tɜːrmz] | 英[tɜːmz]

  n. 条件；条款；关系；措辞

重点讲解

Evidence now suggests that diets heavy in UPFs can cause overeating and obesity. Consumers may blame themselves for over-indulging in these foods, but what if it is in the nature of these products to be overeaten?

现在有证据表明，超加工食品含量过多的饮食结构会导致暴饮暴食和肥胖症。消费者可能会责怪自己过度沉迷于超加工食品，但如果这些产品本身就是会让人们过量食用呢?

heavy  adj. （数量、程度等）超出一般的

【例】heavy rain/heavy drinking/a heavy dinner

暴雨/过量饮酒/丰盛的晚餐

【搭配】be heavy with sth  充满……的

【例】The air was heavy with the scent of flowers. 

空气中弥漫着浓郁的花香。

radical  adj. 

1. 激进的；极端的

【例】These people have very radical views.

这些人有非常激进的观点。

【近义词】extreme  adj. 极端的

2. 彻底的；根本的

【例】the need for radical changes in education 

对教育进行彻底变革的需要

In 2014, the Brazilian government took the radical step of advising its citizens to avoid UPFs outright.

2014年，巴西政府采取了激进措施，建议公民彻底避免食用超加工食品。

heavy  adj. （数量、程度等）超出一般的

【例】heavy rain/heavy drinking/a heavy dinner

暴雨/过量饮酒/丰盛的晚餐

【搭配】be heavy with sth  充满……的

【例】The air was heavy with the scent of flowers. 

空气中弥漫着浓郁的花香。

radical  adj. 

1. 激进的；极端的

【例】These people have very radical views.

这些人有非常激进的观点。

【近义词】extreme  adj. 极端的

2. 彻底的；根本的

【例】the need for radical changes in education 

对教育进行彻底变革的需要

The country was acting out of a sense of urgency, because the number of young Brazilian adults with obesity had risen so far and so fast, more than doubling between 2002 and 2013 (from 7.5% of the population to 17.5%).

巴西之所以采取行动是出于一种紧迫感，因为巴西肥胖年轻人的数量涨幅如此之大、上升得如此之快，在2002年至2013年间增加了一倍多(从人口的7.5%增加到17.5%)。

urgency  n. 紧迫；紧急

【例】There is no urgency about this matter. 

这件事不着急。

【拓展】urgent  adj. 紧迫的；紧急的

【辨析】emergent/emergency  adj./n. 新兴的/突发事件

【例】the emergent nations of Africa 非洲新兴国家

to take emergency action  采取紧急措施

These radical new guidelines urged Brazilians to avoid snacking, and to make time for wholesome food in their lives, to eat regular meals in company when possible, to learn how to cook and to teach children to be “wary of all forms of food advertising”.

这些激进的新指导原则敦促巴西人不要吃零食，在生活中抽出时间吃健康的食物，尽可能规律饮食并与他人一起用餐，学会做饭，并教育孩子“警惕各种形式的食品广告”。

wary  adj. 谨慎的；警惕的

【例】Be wary of strangers who offer you a ride. 

提防那些主动让你搭车的陌生人。

【近义词】cautious  adj. （为避免危险）谨慎的

【辨析】weary  adj. 疲劳的；疲惫的

The biggest departure in the Brazilian guidelines was to treat food processing as the single most important issue in public health.

巴西指导原则中最大的不同是将食品加工视为公共卫生中最重要的一个问题。

departure  n. 

1. 离开；出发

【例】They had received no news of him since his departure from the island. 

自从他离开这座岛后，他们再没听过他的消息。

2. （对一般情况的）背离，违反

【例】a departure from previous policy 对以前政策的背离

Selling men’s clothing is a new departure for the store.

出售男装是这家店的新尝试。

frame  v. （以某种方式）表达，表述

【例】The interview would have been more productive if the questions had been framed more precisely.

如果问题能表述得更准确一些，这个采访就可以问出更多信息。

in terms of  就……而言；在……方面

【例】The decision was disastrous in political terms. 

从政治上来看，这个决定是灾难性的。

This new set of rules framed unhealthy food less in terms of the nutrients it contains (fats, carbohydrates etc) and more by the degree to which it is processed (preserved, emulsified, sweetened etc).

这套新规定对不健康食品的界定不是依据其所含的营养成分(脂肪、碳水化合物等)，更多的是依据食品的加工程度(腌制、乳化、增甜等)。

departure  n. 

1. 离开；出发

【例】They had received no news of him since his departure from the island. 

自从他离开这座岛后，他们再没听过他的消息。

2. （对一般情况的）背离，违反

【例】a departure from previous policy 对以前政策的背离

Selling men’s clothing is a new departure for the store.

出售男装是这家店的新尝试。

frame  v. （以某种方式）表达，表述

【例】The interview would have been more productive if the questions had been framed more precisely.

如果问题能表述得更准确一些，这个采访就可以问出更多信息。

in terms of  就……而言；在……方面

【例】The decision was disastrous in political terms. 

从政治上来看，这个决定是灾难性的。

No government diet guidelines had ever categorised foods this way before. One of the first rules in the Brazilian guidelines was to “avoid consumption of ultra-processed products”.

在此之前，政府的饮食指导原则从未对食物进行过这样的分类。巴西指导原则的第一条规定是“避免食用超加工产品”。

at a stroke  一下子；通过一次行动

【例】The minimum wage would be raised by 20% at a stroke. 

最低工资将一下子提高20%。

fortify  v.

1. （在物质或精神上）加强，增强

【例】His initial success fortified his resolve to be a scientist. 

他的初步成就增强了他当科学家的决心。

2. （通过添加某物）强化食物的营养价值

【例】The bread is fortified with various vitamins. 

这种面包因为添加了多种维生素而提高了营养价值。

【拓展】fort  n. 堡垒；城堡

They condemned at a stroke not just fast foods or sugary snacks, but also many foods which have been reformulated to seem health-giving, from “lite” margarines to vitamin-fortified breakfast cereals.

指导原则一次性否定的不仅是快餐和含糖零食，还有许多经过重新配方后看起来有益健康的食品，比如“低热量”人造黄油和添加维生素的加强版早餐麦片等等。

at a stroke  一下子；通过一次行动

【例】The minimum wage would be raised by 20% at a stroke. 

最低工资将一下子提高20%。

fortify  v.

1. （在物质或精神上）加强，增强

【例】His initial success fortified his resolve to be a scientist. 

他的初步成就增强了他当科学家的决心。

2. （通过添加某物）强化食物的营养价值

【例】The bread is fortified with various vitamins. 

这种面包因为添加了多种维生素而提高了营养价值。

【拓展】fort  n. 堡垒；城堡

From a British perspective -- where the official NHS Eatwell guide still classifies low-fat margarines and packaged cereals as “healthier” options -- it looks extreme to warn consumers off all ultra-processed foods (what, even Heinz tomato soup?).

从英国的角度来看----英国国家医疗服务体系的健康饮食指南仍将低脂人造黄油和包装的麦片归类为“更健康”的选择----警告消费者远离所有超加工食品(什么，亨氏番茄汤罐头也不行?)是一种有些极端的做法。

classify  v. 归类为；判定为

【例】The accidents were classified as major.

这些事故被归类为重大事故。

to classify the books into three types 把书分为三类

【近义词】categorize  v. 归类；分类

back up 

1. 支持；撑腰

【例】to back up a friend in a fight 打架的时候给朋友撑腰

【近义词】back/support  v. 表示支持

2. 证明某事属实；作证

【例】I'll back you up if they don't believe you. 

如果他们不相信你，我会为你作证。

But there is evidence to back up the Brazilian position. Over the past decade, large-scale studies from France, Brazil, the US and Spain have suggested that high consumption of UPFs is associated with higher rates of obesity.

不过，有一些证据为了巴西的做法提供了证明。在过去十年中，法国、巴西、美国和西班牙的大规模研究表明，大量摄入超加工食品与较高的肥胖率有关。

classify  v. 归类为；判定为

【例】The accidents were classified as major.

这些事故被归类为重大事故。

to classify the books into three types 把书分为三类

【近义词】categorize  v. 归类；分类

back up 

1. 支持；撑腰

【例】to back up a friend in a fight 打架的时候给朋友撑腰

【近义词】back/support  v. 表示支持

2. 证明某事属实；作证

【例】I'll back you up if they don't believe you. 

如果他们不相信你，我会为你作证。

课后练习

• The Brazilian government introduced dietary guidelines because ____.

  A. Brazilian people were health-conscious

  B. the country was flooded with UPFs

  C. the obesity rate was rising fast

  D. the treatment for obesity cost too much

• The Brazilian government advised people to ____.

  A. refrain from eating too much UPFs

  B. stop consuming any UPFs

  C. do more exercises to lose weight

  D. avoid restaurant food as much as possible

• The Brazilian guidelines focused on ____.

  A. the causes of widespread obesity

  B. the lack of nutrients in UPFs

  C. the harm of food processing

  D. the regulation of food safety

• According to the author, the Brazilian guidelines were ____.

  A. bold and radical

  B. extreme and unreasonable

  C. common and regular

  D. detailed and practical