管理学小知识： 领导与经理的区别(上)

如果有人让你想象一位经理，你很可能会想到一个乏味得可笑、整天坐在办公桌前、单调沉闷的人。

双语精读

Managers vs leaders

经理vs领导

A distinction that is both valid and unhelpful.

有道理但无用处的区分。

If you were asked to imagine a manager, you might well conjure up someone comically boring, desk-bound and monotonal.

如果有人让你想象一位经理，你很可能会想到一个乏味得可笑、整天坐在办公桌前、单调沉闷的人。

Now do the same for a leader. You may well be picturing someone delivering a rousing speech. A horse may be involved.

现在，再想象一位领导。你脑海中出现的很可能是某人在发表一场振奋人心的演讲。可能还会想到一匹骏马。

You almost certainly have different types in mind. There is indeed a distinction between managers and leaders, but it should not be overdone.

对经理和领导的想象绝对是不同的。二者确实是有区别的，但不应过分强调这种区别。

Various attempts have been made to pin down the differences between the two, but they boil down to the same thing. Managers, according to an influential article by Abraham Zaleznik in the Harvard Business Review in 1977, value order; leaders are tolerant of chaos.

为了弄清经理和领导之间的区别，人们进行了各种尝试，但归根结底都是一回事。根据1977年亚伯拉罕·扎莱兹尼克在《哈佛商业评论》上发表的一篇有影响力的文章，经理重视秩序，领导能容忍混乱。

A later article in the same publication, by John Kotter, described management as a problem-solving discipline, in which planning and budgeting creates predictability. Leadership, in contrast, is about the embrace of change and inspiring people to brave the unknown.

约翰·科特后来在《哈佛商业评论》也发表了一篇文章，他将管理学描述为一种解决问题的学科，其中制定计划和预算带来了可预测性。与之相反，领导力则是拥抱变化，激励人们直面未知。

Warren Bennis, an American academic who made leadership studies respectable, reckoned that a manager administers and a leader innovates. Some of these definitions might be a tad arbitrary but they can be useful nonetheless.

沃伦·班尼斯是一位美国学者，他使领导力研究变成一门受人尊重的学科，他认为经理负责管理，而领导进行创新。其中一些定义可能有点武断，但仍然很有用处。

Too many firms promote employees into management roles because that is the only way for them to get on in their careers. But some people are much more suited to the ethos of management.

有太多的公司提拔员工担任经理职务，因为他们只有这一条职业发展途径。但有些人的气质更适合管理岗位。

They are more focused on process; they like the idea of spreadsheets, orderliness and supporting others to do good work. Shopify, an e-commerce firm, has created separate career paths for managers and developers with these differences in motivation in mind.

他们更专注于流程，他们喜欢电子表格、秩序和支持他人做好工作。电子商务公司Shopify考虑到了这些不同的动机，并为经理和开发人员开辟了不同的职业发展道路。

The difference between managing and leading is not just a matter of semantics. Research by Oriana Bandiera of the London School of Economics and her co-authors looked at the diaries of 1,114 CEOs in six countries, and categorised their behaviours into two types.

管理和领导之间的区别不仅仅是语义上的区别。伦敦政治经济学院的奥莉安娜·班迪埃拉及其合著者研究了6个国家1114名首席执行官的日记，并将他们的行为分为两类。

On their definitions, "leaders" have more meetings with other C-suite executives, and more interactions with multiple people inside and outside the company. "Managers" spend more time with employees involved in operational activities and have more one-to-one meetings.

按照他们的定义，“领导者”与其他高管会面的次数更多，与公司内外部多人互动的次数也更多。“管理者”会花更多时间与参与运营工作的员工在一起，也会有更多的一对一会面。

Leaders communicate and co-ordinate; managers drill downwards and focus on individuals.

领导者进行沟通和协调，管理者关注更细节的信息，并专注于个人。

词汇预习

contrast [高考]
美[ˈkɑːntræst , kənˈtræst] | 英[ˈkɒntrɑːst , kənˈtrɑːst]
n. 对比；差别；对照物 v. 对比；成对照 n. [计算机] 反差
multiple [高考]
美[ˈmʌltɪpl] | 英[ˈmʌltɪpl]
adj. 多种多样的；许多的 n. 倍数；并联
publication [高考]
美[ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃn] | 英[ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃn]
n. 出版；发行；出版物；公布；发表
discipline [高考]
美[ˈdɪsəplɪn] | 英[ˈdɪsəplɪn]
n. 纪律；训练；学科 vt. 训练；惩罚
tolerant [高考]
美[ˈtɑːlərənt] | 英[ˈtɒlərənt]
adj. 宽容的；容忍的
influential [高考]
美[ˌɪnfluˈenʃl] | 英[ˌɪnfluˈenʃl]
adj. 有权势的；有影响的 n. 有影响力的人物
respectable [高考]
美[rɪˈspektəbl] | 英[rɪˈspektəbl]
adj. 值得尊重的；体面的；不错的；可观的
embrace [高考]
美[ɪmˈbreɪs] | 英[ɪmˈbreɪs]
v. 拥抱；包含；包围；接受；信奉 n. 拥抱
promote [高考]
美[prəˈmoʊt] | 英[prəˈməʊt]
vt. 促进；提升；升迁；发起；促销，推销
motivation [高考]
美[ˌmoʊtɪˈveɪʃn] | 英[ˌməʊtɪˈveɪʃn]
n. 动机；动力；刺激；积极性
academic [高考]
美[ˌækəˈdemɪk] | 英[ˌækəˈdemɪk]
adj. 学院的；学术的；理论的 n. 大学教师，大学生；学者，学究
drill [高考]
美[drɪl] | 英[drɪl]
n. 钻孔机；钻子；反复操练；播种机 v. 练习；钻孔；(军事)训练
valid [高考]
美[ˈvælɪd] | 英[ˈvælɪd]
adj. 有效的；有根据的；合法的；正当的
pin [高考]
美[pɪn] | 英[pɪn]
n. 大头针，别针，针；栓；琐碎物 vt. 钉住；压住；将...用针别住 abbr.个人识别码,[印]邮编
distinction [高考]
美[dɪˈstɪŋkʃn] | 英[dɪˈstɪŋkʃn]
n. 荣誉；差别；优秀；对比；区分
arbitrary [高考]
美[ˈɑːrbɪtreri] | 英[ˈɑːbɪtrəri]
adj. 任意的；专制的；武断的；霸道的
bound [高考]
美[baʊnd] | 英[baʊnd]
adj. 必定的；有义务的；受约束的；装订的 vi. 跳；跳跃前进；猛涨 n. 跳跃；范围；界限
suite [高考]
美[swiːt] | 英[swiːt]
n. 套房；一套物件；随员；[计]一组程序；[音]组曲
chaos [高考]
美[ˈkeɪɑːs] | 英[ˈkeɪɒs]
n. 混乱；无秩序；混沌
commerce [高考]
美[ˈkɑːmɜːrs] | 英[ˈkɒmɜːs]
n. 贸易；商业
operational [高考]
美[ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃənl] | 英[ˌɒpəˈreɪʃənl]
adj. 操作的；运作的；可用的；作战的
nonetheless [四级]
美[ˌnʌnðəˈles] | 英[ˌnʌnðəˈles]
adv. 尽管如此(仍然)
involved in [四级]
美 | 英
涉及；包含在 ... 中
a matter of [四级]
美[e ˈmætɚ ʌv] | 英[ə ˈmætə ɔv]
关于 ... 的问题；大约
boil down [四级]
美[bɔɪl daʊn] | 英[bɔil daun]
浓缩；把 ... 煮稠；简缩；节略
leading [四级]
美[ˈliːdɪŋ , ˈledɪŋ] | 英[ˈliːdɪŋ , ˈledɪŋ]
adj. 领导的；指导的；主要的；在前的
planning [四级]
美[ˈplænɪŋ] | 英[ˈplænɪŋ]
n. 规划；计划；设计 v. plan的现在分词
involved [四级]
美[ɪnˈvɑlvd] | 英[ɪnˈvɒlvd]
adj. 涉及的；牵连的；复杂的；感情投入的；有密切关系的
pin down [六级]
美[pɪn daʊn] | 英[pɪn daʊn]
确定；下结论；用针固定住；压住
orderliness [专四]
美['ɔdəlɪnəs] | 英['ɔ:dəlɪnəs]
n. 整洁，整齐；秩序井然
according [专四]
美[ə'kɔrdɪŋ] | 英[ə'kɔːdɪŋ]
adj. 相符的；相应的；一致的 v. 给予；符合，一致；正式协议（accord的现在分词）
conjure [专八]
美[ˈkʌndʒər] | 英[ˈkʌndʒə(r)]
v. 变戏法；恳求；唤起；以咒文召唤
ordinate [托福]
美[ˈɔrdɪnət] | 英[ˈɔ:dɪnət]
n. 纵线；纵坐标 adj. 按行排列的
inspiring [雅思]
美[ɪnˈspaɪərɪŋ] | 英[ɪnˈspaɪərɪŋ]
adj. 令人振奋的；激励人的；鼓舞人心的

重点讲解

Managers vs leaders

经理vs领导

valid adj.

1. （法律上）有效的

【例】a valid contract 具有法律效力的合同

2. 符合逻辑的；合理的

【例】The point you make is perfectly valid.

你提出的论点完全站得住脚。

【近义词】logical/rational adj. 有逻辑的；有道理的

A distinction that is both valid and unhelpful.

有道理但无用处的区分。

valid adj.

1. （法律上）有效的

【例】a valid contract 具有法律效力的合同

2. 符合逻辑的；合理的

【例】The point you make is perfectly valid.

你提出的论点完全站得住脚。

【近义词】logical/rational adj. 有逻辑的；有道理的

If you were asked to imagine a manager, you might well conjure up someone comically boring, desk-bound and monotonal.

如果有人让你想象一位经理，你很可能会想到一个乏味得可笑、整天坐在办公桌前、单调沉闷的人。

conjure up

1. 用魔法召唤；神奇地创造出

【例】She can conjure up a good meal in half an hour.

她能在半小时内像变戏法似地做出一顿美味的饭菜。

2. 使出现在脑海；使想起

【例】The music conjured up childhood memories.

这音乐使童年往事历历在目。

【近义词】recall v. 使回想

bound adj. 受束缚的；受约束的

【例】be bound to one’s job 被工作束缚住

【拓展】bind v. 捆绑；束缚

rousing adj. 激动人心的；充满热情的

【例】a rousing song/to give sb a rousing welcome

激动人心的歌曲/非常热烈地欢迎某人

【拓展】rouse v. 激起某种情感

【例】to rouse one’s anger/suspicion/sympathy

激起怒火/让人起疑心/引起人的恻隐之心

Now do the same for a leader. You may well be picturing someone delivering a rousing speech. A horse may be involved.

现在，再想象一位领导。你脑海中出现的很可能是某人在发表一场振奋人心的演讲。可能还会想到一匹骏马。

conjure up

1. 用魔法召唤；神奇地创造出

【例】She can conjure up a good meal in half an hour.

她能在半小时内像变戏法似地做出一顿美味的饭菜。

2. 使出现在脑海；使想起

【例】The music conjured up childhood memories.

这音乐使童年往事历历在目。

【近义词】recall v. 使回想

bound adj. 受束缚的；受约束的

【例】be bound to one’s job 被工作束缚住

【拓展】bind v. 捆绑；束缚

rousing adj. 激动人心的；充满热情的

【例】a rousing song/to give sb a rousing welcome

激动人心的歌曲/非常热烈地欢迎某人

【拓展】rouse v. 激起某种情感

【例】to rouse one’s anger/suspicion/sympathy

激起怒火/让人起疑心/引起人的恻隐之心

You almost certainly have different types in mind. There is indeed a distinction between managers and leaders, but it should not be overdone.

对经理和领导的想象绝对是不同的。二者确实是有区别的，但不应过分强调这种区别。

pin sth down 确切说明

【例】The cause of the disease is difficult to pin down precisely.

病因目前还难以解释清楚。

【近义词】pinpoint v. 明确指出；准确解释

【例】The report pinpointed the areas most in need of help.

报告精确说明了亟待援助的地区是哪些。

boil down to 归根结底是

【例】All the troubles boil down to the lack of money.

所有麻烦归根结底就是缺钱。

【拓展】boil sth down to 压缩为；概括为

【例】The original speech got boiled down to about ten minutes.

演讲原稿被压缩到了大约十分钟。

Various attempts have been made to pin down the differences between the two, but they boil down to the same thing. Managers, according to an influential article by Abraham Zaleznik in the Harvard Business Review in 1977, value order; leaders are tolerant of chaos.

为了弄清经理和领导之间的区别，人们进行了各种尝试，但归根结底都是一回事。根据1977年亚伯拉罕·扎莱兹尼克在《哈佛商业评论》上发表的一篇有影响力的文章，经理重视秩序，领导能容忍混乱。

pin sth down 确切说明

【例】The cause of the disease is difficult to pin down precisely.

病因目前还难以解释清楚。

【近义词】pinpoint v. 明确指出；准确解释

【例】The report pinpointed the areas most in need of help.

报告精确说明了亟待援助的地区是哪些。

boil down to 归根结底是

【例】All the troubles boil down to the lack of money.

所有麻烦归根结底就是缺钱。

【拓展】boil sth down to 压缩为；概括为

【例】The original speech got boiled down to about ten minutes.

演讲原稿被压缩到了大约十分钟。

约翰·科特后来在《哈佛商业评论》也发表了一篇文章，他将管理学描述为一种解决问题的学科，其中制定计划和预算带来了可预测性。与之相反，领导力则是拥抱变化，激励人们直面未知。

brave v. 勇敢面对（困难或令人不愉快的事情）

【例】to brave the storm 直面暴风雨

【拓展】weather v. 经受住（困难的情况）

【例】to weather the storm 经受住暴风雨的考验

沃伦·班尼斯是一位美国学者，他使领导力研究变成一门受人尊重的学科，他认为经理负责管理，而领导进行创新。其中一些定义可能有点武断，但仍然很有用处。

brave v. 勇敢面对（困难或令人不愉快的事情）

【例】to brave the storm 直面暴风雨

【拓展】weather v. 经受住（困难的情况）

【例】to weather the storm 经受住暴风雨的考验

Too many firms promote employees into management roles because that is the only way for them to get on in their careers. But some people are much more suited to the ethos of management.

有太多的公司提拔员工担任经理职务，因为他们只有这一条职业发展途径。但有些人的气质更适合管理岗位。

get on

1. （某方面的）进展，进步

【例】How did you get on at the interview?

你面试的情况怎么样？

2. 获得成功；事业有成

【例】Parents are always anxious for their children to get on in life.

父母总是急切地盼望孩子们出人头地。

他们更专注于流程，他们喜欢电子表格、秩序和支持他人做好工作。电子商务公司Shopify考虑到了这些不同的动机，并为经理和开发人员开辟了不同的职业发展道路。

get on

1. （某方面的）进展，进步

【例】How did you get on at the interview?

你面试的情况怎么样？

2. 获得成功；事业有成

【例】Parents are always anxious for their children to get on in life.

父母总是急切地盼望孩子们出人头地。

管理和领导之间的区别不仅仅是语义上的区别。伦敦政治经济学院的奥莉安娜·班迪埃拉及其合著者研究了6个国家1114名首席执行官的日记，并将他们的行为分为两类。

categorise v. 分类；归类

【例】His latest work cannot be categorized as either a novel or an autobiography.

他最近的作品既不属于小说也不属于自传。

【近义词】classify v. 分类

【拓展】category n. （比较大的）类别

【例】This book falls into the category of reference books.

这本书属于参考书类。

drill downwards 向下搜索；搜索更细节的信息

【例】Her method is to start with macroeconomic trends and then drill downwards.

她的方法是从宏观经济趋势入手，然后再看细节。

On their definitions, “leaders” have more meetings with other C-suite executives, and more interactions with multiple people inside and outside the company. “Managers” spend more time with employees involved in operational activities and have more one-to-one meetings.

按照他们的定义，“领导者”与其他高管会面的次数更多，与公司内外部多人互动的次数也更多。“管理者”会花更多时间与参与运营工作的员工在一起，也会有更多的一对一会面。

categorise v. 分类；归类

【例】His latest work cannot be categorized as either a novel or an autobiography.

他最近的作品既不属于小说也不属于自传。

【近义词】classify v. 分类

【拓展】category n. （比较大的）类别

【例】This book falls into the category of reference books.

这本书属于参考书类。

drill downwards 向下搜索；搜索更细节的信息

【例】Her method is to start with macroeconomic trends and then drill downwards.

她的方法是从宏观经济趋势入手，然后再看细节。

Leaders communicate and co-ordinate; managers drill downwards and focus on individuals.

领导者进行沟通和协调，管理者关注更细节的信息，并专注于个人。

categorise v. 分类；归类

【例】His latest work cannot be categorized as either a novel or an autobiography.

他最近的作品既不属于小说也不属于自传。

【近义词】classify v. 分类

【拓展】category n. （比较大的）类别

【例】This book falls into the category of reference books.

这本书属于参考书类。

drill downwards 向下搜索；搜索更细节的信息

【例】Her method is to start with macroeconomic trends and then drill downwards.

她的方法是从宏观经济趋势入手，然后再看细节。

课后练习

The author asks the reader to imagine a leader and a manager to show that ____.
A. people tend to be unaware of their prejudices
B. stereotypes are a distortion of reality
C. leaders and managers are perceived to be different
D. leaders are more competent than managers
According to the various studies, managers ____.
A. favor order and predictability
B. are highly competitive
C. are overly cautious
D. refuse to make a change
The example of Shopify illustrates that ____.
A. companies should provide necessary support for employees
B. employees face intense competition for management roles
C. companies should offer more career options for workers
D. promotion is a strong incentive for employees to work hard
The research by Oriana Bandiera found that ____.
A. “leaders” focused more on long-term development
B. CEOs had different types of working styles
C. “leaders” and “managers” could learn from each other
D. the diversity of management styles was good for the company