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关于美丽和女性创造力的秘史(下)
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大部分的资料以前都未曾经过深入研究，比如1562年在威尼斯出版的乔瓦尼·马里内洛的《女士的装饰品》。
双语精读
Most of her sources have not been studied in great depth before, like Giovanni Marinello's "The Ornaments of Ladies", published in Venice in 1562. In it "women's bodies are presented as forever-unfinished projects", writes Ms Burke.
大部分的资料以前都未曾经过深入研究，比如1562年在威尼斯出版的乔瓦尼·马里内洛的《女士的装饰品》。伯克写道，在这本书中，"女性的身体被呈现为永远未完成的项目"。
Marinello promised readers the kind of physique described by poets and painters, such as Titian's female nude "Venus of Urbino".
马里内洛向读者承诺，会让她们拥有诗人和画家所描述的那种身材，比如提香的女性裸体绘画《乌尔比诺的维纳斯》。
He offered 1,400 recipes to improve imperfections such as stretch marks (ladies would "do well" to "remove this defect after the birth and make your belly look like it should"); grey hair (women with "younger husbands" might be especially concerned); and extra flab (he suggested wrapping the troublesome area in wax overnight).
马里内洛提供了1400种办法来改善不完美的地方，比如妊娠纹（如果"消除这种产后缺陷，肚子就能恢复原样"，女士们也能"过上幸福生活")、灰白头发（有着年下丈夫的女性可能会尤其在意这个问题）和肌肉松弛（他建议晚上用蜡把松弛的地方包起来）。
Visual culture was evolving rapidly. The Renaissance era's technologies--the full-length mirror and the printed book--shaped views of femininity.
当时视觉文化发展迅速。文艺复兴时代的技术----全身镜和印刷书籍----塑造了人们对女性气质的看法。
So too have 21st-century innovations: social media and photo-editing apps. Social-media users see Botox-smoothed features and photoshopped bodies.
21世纪的创新也有同样的影响：社交媒体和修图APP。社交媒体用户看到的是如同打了肉毒杆菌一般光滑的肌肤和精修过后的身材。
In the same way, argues Ms Burke, the popularity of single-point perspective and naturalism in drawing meant Renaissance women were bombarded with "endless images of newly realistic naked goddesses being churned out in sculptures, painting and prints".
伯克认为，以同样的方式，单点透视和自然主义在绘画中的流行，意味着文艺复兴时期的女性被"在雕塑、绘画和版画中大量涌现的新写实主义风格的无数裸体女神形象"所轰炸。
Some women pushed back. Blond hair was idealised in art, and bleaching was common.
一些女性予以回击。金发在艺术上被理想化了，给头发漂色也很常见。
But as a teenager, the painter Giovanna Garzoni, famous for her meticulous flowers and insects, depicted herself in a self-promotional portrait as Apollo, the Greek god of the sun, with tousled brown hair.
但以精细的花卉和昆虫画闻名的画家乔瓦娜·加尔佐尼，在青少年时期的一幅自我宣传肖像中将自己描绘成希腊太阳神阿波罗，画中的她有着一头蓬乱的棕发。
Artemisia Gentileschi, who once proclaimed "as long as I live I will have control over my being", painted herself with wayward strands of black hair framing her face.
画家阿特米希娅·津迪勒奇曾宣称"只要我活着，我的自身存在就只能由我自己掌控"，她在自画像中用随性的几缕黑发勾勒出她的脸庞。
In Ms Burke's view female artists chose to present themselves like this to toy with the stereotypes that equated unruly dark hair with "interior imagination...melancholy creativity and a 'masculine' temperament".
在伯克看来，女性艺术家选择这样展示自己，是为了戏弄把乱糟糟的深色头发和"内在想象力、忧郁的创造力和‘男性'气质"画等号的刻板印象。
Whether with a make-up brush or a paintbrush, women wanted to control how the world would see and remember them.
无论手持化妆刷还是画笔，女性都想将世界对她们的看法和记忆掌握在自己手中。
词汇预习
stretch [高考]
美[stretʃ] | 英[stretʃ]
v. 伸展；延伸；伸出；舒展 n. 伸展；弹性；舒展；一片 adj.有弹力的
perspective [高考]
美[pərˈspektɪv] | 英[pəˈspektɪv]
n. 视角，观点；远景；景观；透视法 adj.(按照)透视画法的；透视的
melancholy [高考]
美[ˈmelənkɑːli] | 英[ˈmelənkəli]
n. 忧郁；忧愁；悲伤 adj. 忧沉的；使人悲伤的
interior [高考]
美[ɪnˈtɪriər] | 英[ɪnˈtɪəriə(r)]
adj. 内地的；国内的；内部的 n. 内部；内在
promotional [高考]
美[prəˈmoʊʃənl] | 英[prəˈməʊʃənl]
adj. 推销的；增进的；晋升的
naked [高考]
美[ˈneɪkɪd] | 英[ˈneɪkɪd]
adj. 裸体的；无掩饰的；明白的；无覆盖的
defect [高考]
美[ˈdiːfekt , dɪˈfekt] | 英[ˈdiːfekt , dɪˈfekt]
n. 缺点；缺陷 vi. 背叛
media [高考]
美[ˈmiːdiə] | 英[ˈmiːdiə]
n. 传播媒介；(medium的复数)媒体；新闻媒介
length [高考]
美[leŋθ] | 英[leŋθ]
n. 长度；时间长短；距离；一段；距离的测量单位
wax [高考]
美[wæks] | 英[wæks]
n. 蜡；蜡状物 vt. 给…上蜡 vi. 月亮渐满；增大 adj. 蜡制的；似蜡的
depth [高考]
美[depθ] | 英[depθ]
n. 深度；深刻；深奥；深；厚度
endless [高考]
美[ˈendləs] | 英[ˈendləs]
adj. 无止境的；没完没了的
troublesome [高考]
美[ˈtrʌblsəm] | 英[ˈtrʌblsəm]
adj. 令人烦恼的；讨厌的；困难的；棘手的
self [高考]
美[self] | 英[self]
n. 自己；本性；自我 pron. 我自己；你自己；他或她自己 adj.同一的；纯净的；单一的 v. 近亲繁殖；自花授粉
belly [高考]
美[ˈbeli] | 英[ˈbeli]
n. 腹部，肚子 v. 鼓起，膨胀 adj.有腹的，膨胀的
control over [高考]
美[kənˈtrol ˈovɚ] | 英[kənˈtrəul ˈəuvə]
控制
era [高考]
美[ˈɪrə] | 英[ˈɪərə]
n. 纪元；时代；年代
portrait [高考]
美[ˈpɔːrtrət] | 英[ˈpɔːtreɪt]
n. 肖像；画像；描写
would [高考]
美[wʊd , wəd] | 英[wʊd , wəd]
aux. 将；可能；大概；总会；愿意；will的过去式
unfinished [四级]
美[ʌnˈfɪnɪʃt] | 英[ʌnˈfɪnɪʃt]
adj. 未完成的；未经最后加工的
masculine [四级]
美[ˈmæskjəlɪn] | 英[ˈmæskjəlɪn]
adj. 男性的；有男子气概的；阳性的 n. 阳性；男性
make-up [四级]
美[ˈmeɪk ʌp] | 英[ˈmeɪk ʌp]
n. 化妆品；性格；补考
temperament [四级]
美[ˈtemprəmənt] | 英[ˈtemprəmənt]
n. 气质；性情
concerned [四级]
美[kənˈsɜːrnd] | 英[kənˈsɜːnd]
adj. 担忧的；关心的；关切的；有关的
Venus [六级]
美[ ˈviːnəs] | 英[ˈviːnəs]
n. 金星；[罗神]维纳斯
kind of [六级]
美[kaɪnd ʌv] | 英[kaind ɔv]
adv. 有点儿
wayward [专八]
美[ˈweɪwərd] | 英[ˈweɪwəd]
adj. 任性的；倔强的；刚愎的
Greek [专八]
美[ɡriːk] | 英[ɡriːk]
adj. 希腊的；希腊人的；希腊语的 n. 希腊人；希腊语
physique [专八]
美[fɪˈzik] | 英[fɪˈzi:k]
n. 体格；体形
meticulous [专八]
美[məˈtɪkjələs] | 英[məˈtɪkjələs]
adj. 一丝不苟的；缜密的
paintbrush [考研]
美[ˈpeɪntbrʌʃ] | 英[ˈpeɪntbrʌʃ]
n. 画笔；印度画笔
naturalism [托福]
美[ˈnætʃərəˌlɪzəm, ˈnætʃrə-] | 英[ˈnætʃrəlɪzəm]
n. 自然主义
重点讲解
Most of her sources have not been studied in great depth before, like Giovanni Marinello's "The Ornaments of Ladies", published in Venice in 1562. In it "women's bodies are presented as forever-unfinished projects", writes Ms Burke.
大部分的资料以前都未曾经过深入研究，比如1562年在威尼斯出版的乔瓦尼·马里内洛的《女士的装饰品》。伯克写道，在这本书中，"女性的身体被呈现为永远未完成的项目"。
present adj. & v. & n.
1. 作形容词
（1）现存的，当前的
【例】in the present situation 在当前形势下
a list of all club members, past and present 过去和现在的全部会员名单
（2）（人）在场的，出席的
【例】A doctor must be present at the ringside.
拳击台旁边必须有医生在场。
2. 作动词
（1）颁发
【例】The mayor presented him with a gold medal at an official city reception.
市长在一次正式的市招待会上给他颁发了一枚金质奖章。
（2）（以某种方式）展现，显示，表现
【例】We spend the time collating and presenting the information in a variety of chart forms.
我们把时间花在以各种图表形式比照和展示信息上。
3. 作名词
（1）礼物，礼品
【例】birthday/wedding presents 生日/结婚礼物
（2）目前，现在
【例】at present 现在
Marinello promised**** readers the kind**** of**** physique**** described by**** poets and painters****,**** such**** as**** Titian****'s female**** nude**** "Venus**** of**** Urbino****".
马里内洛向读者承诺，会让她们拥有诗人和画家所描述的那种身材，比如提香的女性裸体绘画《乌尔比诺的维纳斯》。
He**** offered 1,400 recipes to**** improve imperfections such**** as**** stretch marks (ladies would "do well****"**** to**** "remove this**** defect**** after the birth and make**** your**** belly look**** like**** it**** should****");**** grey**** hair**** (women**** with**** "younger**** husbands****"**** might be**** especially**** concerned); and extra flab**** (he suggested wrapping**** the troublesome area**** in**** wax overnight).
马里内洛提供了1400种办法来改善不完美的地方，比如妊娠纹（如果"消除这种产后缺陷，肚子就能恢复原样"，女士们也能"过上幸福生活")、灰白头发（有着年下丈夫的女性可能会尤其在意这个问题）和肌肉松弛（他建议晚上用蜡把松弛的地方包起来）。
Visual**** culture was evolving**** rapidly.**** The Renaissance era's technologies****--the**** full****-length**** mirror**** and the printed book****--shaped views of**** femininity****.****
当时视觉文化发展迅速。文艺复兴时代的技术----全身镜和印刷书籍----塑造了人们对女性气质的看法。
So**** too have**** 21st****-century innovations:**** social**** media and photo-editing apps****.**** Social****-media users see Botox-smoothed**** features**** and photoshopped**** bodies****.****
21世纪的创新也有同样的影响：社交媒体和修图APP。社交媒体用户看到的是如同打了肉毒杆菌一般光滑的肌肤和精修过后的身材。
In the same way, argues Ms Burke, the popularity of single-point perspective and naturalism in drawing meant Renaissance women were bombarded with "endless images of newly realistic naked goddesses being churned out in sculptures, painting and prints".
伯克认为，以同样的方式，单点透视和自然主义在绘画中的流行，意味着文艺复兴时期的女性被"在雕塑、绘画和版画中大量涌现的新写实主义风格的无数裸体女神形象"所轰炸。
bombard v.
1. （用炸弹、炮弹、导弹等）连续轰炸、连续攻击
【例】The city was bombarded by federal forces.
联邦部队对该城进行了连续轰炸。
2. 向（某人）不停地提出问题（或批评、咨询）
【例】They will be bombarded with complaints.
他们将会不停地遭到抱怨。
churn out 大量炮制；快速大量生产
（英文释义：To churn out something means to produce large quantities of it very quickly.）
【例】He began to churn out literary compositions in English.
他开始用英文很快地创作出大量的文学作品。
Some women pushed back. Blond hair was idealised in art, and bleaching was common.
一些女性予以回击。金发在艺术上被理想化了，给头发漂色也很常见。
push back
1. 推迟
（英文释义：If you push back against something, such as a change or criticism, you refuse to accept it or try to prevent it.）
【例】The target date for construction has been pushed back.
施工的目标日期已经推迟了。
2. 反驳，抗议
（英文释义：The target date for construction has been pushed back.）
【例】The company has tried to push back on the claim that it paid no taxes.
该公司试图反驳关于它没有纳税的说法。
But as a teenager, the painter Giovanna Garzoni, famous for her meticulous flowers and insects, depicted herself in a self-promotional portrait as Apollo, the Greek god of the sun, with tousled brown hair.
但以精细的花卉和昆虫画闻名的画家乔瓦娜·加尔佐尼，在青少年时期的一幅自我宣传肖像中将自己描绘成希腊太阳神阿波罗，画中的她有着一头蓬乱的棕发。
push back
1. 推迟
（英文释义：If you push back against something, such as a change or criticism, you refuse to accept it or try to prevent it.）
【例】The target date for construction has been pushed back.
施工的目标日期已经推迟了。
2. 反驳，抗议
（英文释义：The target date for construction has been pushed back.）
【例】The company has tried to push back on the claim that it paid no taxes.
该公司试图反驳关于它没有纳税的说法。
Artemisia Gentileschi, who once proclaimed "as long as I live I will have control over my being", painted herself with wayward strands of black hair framing her face.
画家阿特米希娅·津迪勒奇曾宣称"只要我活着，我的自身存在就只能由我自己掌控"，她在自画像中用随性的几缕黑发勾勒出她的脸庞。
proclaim v.
1. 宣布，宣告
（英文释义：announce officially or publically）
【例】The government’s chief scientific adviser proclaimed that the epidemic was under control.
政府首席科学顾问正式宣布该流行疾病已得到控制。
2. 明确显示；成为标志；表明
（英文释义：to show sth clearly; to be a sign of sth）
【例】His accent proclaimed him to be a Scot.
他的口音表明他是苏格兰人。
wayward adj. 不规则的；任性的；难以捉摸的，反复无常的
（英文释义：If you describe a person or their behavior as wayward, you mean that they behave in a selfish, bad, or unpredictable way, and are difficult to control.）
【例】a wayward child 任性的孩子
wayward emotions 反复无常的情绪
In Ms Burke's view female artists chose to present themselves like this to toy with the stereotypes that equated unruly dark hair with "interior imagination...melancholy creativity and a ‘masculine' temperament".
在伯克看来，女性艺术家选择这样展示自己，是为了戏弄把乱糟糟的深色头发和"内在想象力、忧郁的创造力和‘男性'气质"画等号的刻板印象。
toy with
1. 不太认真地考虑
（英文释义：to think about (something) briefly and not very seriously）
【例】I toyed with the idea of moving to France but ended up staying here.
我曾有过移居法国的想法，但最终还是留在了这里。
2. 用手摆弄（物品、食物等）
（英文释义：to move or touch (something) with one's fingers often without thinking）
【例】She toyed with her hair while she talked on the phone.
她一边打电话，一边拨弄着头发。
3. 玩弄
（英文释义：to deal with or control (someone or something) in a clever and usually unfair or selfish way）
【例】Do you really love me, or are you just toying with me?
你是真的爱我，还是只是在玩弄我？
Whether with a make-up brush or a paintbrush, women wanted to control how the world would see and remember them.
无论手持化妆刷还是画笔，女性都想将世界对她们的看法和记忆掌握在自己手中。
toy with
1. 不太认真地考虑
（英文释义：to think about (something) briefly and not very seriously）
【例】I toyed with the idea of moving to France but ended up staying here.
我曾有过移居法国的想法，但最终还是留在了这里。
2. 用手摆弄（物品、食物等）
（英文释义：to move or touch (something) with one's fingers often without thinking）
【例】She toyed with her hair while she talked on the phone.
她一边打电话，一边拨弄着头发。
3. 玩弄
（英文释义：to deal with or control (someone or something) in a clever and usually unfair or selfish way）
【例】Do you really love me, or are you just toying with me?
你是真的爱我，还是只是在玩弄我？
课后练习
What can be learned about Giovanni Marinello?
A. He bolstered women’s confidence in their bodies.
B. He couldn’t tolerate any imperfection in female body.
C. He was famous for offering useful tips to keep fit.
D. He taught women how to have a happy marriage.
The growing awareness of female body was caused by ____.
A. the high living standards in Italy
B. the development of visual technologies
C. the diverse views of femininity
D. the exaggeration of female bodies in art
The example of Giovanna Garzoni and Artemisia Gentileschi showed that ____.
A. female beauty was defined by men
B. female artists were not appreciated
C. female artists tried to break stereotypes
D. female artists wanted to appear masculine
Make-up and self-portrait allowed women to ____.
A. hide their imperfections
B. enhance their attraction
C. create a positive self-image
D. assert their identity